THE MOST HOLY BODY AND BLOOD OF CHRIST (Solemnity)

Today is the a great day which we have to respect because it's Sunday being " The most Holy body and blood of Christ" which is called "Solemnity."

First let us look in the Bible in Exodus 24:3-8
3 Moses came and told the people all the words of the LORD and all the ordinances; and all the people answered with one voice, and said, "All the words which the LORD has spoken we will do."

4 And Moses wrote all the words of the LORD. And he rose early in the morning, and built an altar at the foot of the mountain, and twelve pillars, according to the
twelve tribes of Israel.

5 And he sent young men of the people of Israel, who offered burnt offerings and sacrificed
peace offerings of oxen to the LORD.

6 And Moses took half of the blood and put it in basins, and half of the blood he threw against the altar.

7 Then he took the book of the covenant, and read it in the hearing of the people; and they said, "All that the LORD has spoken we will do, and we will be obedient."

8 And Moses took the blood and threw it upon the
people, and said, "Behold the blood of the covenant which the LORD has made with you in accordance with all these
words."

As the Lord create you give you everything for satisfactory what will you give to Him? Think about it.

In the first reading we heard a lot then let's open to the book of Psalm.  Psalms 116:12-13, 15-18
12 What shall I render to the LORD for all his bounty to me? 13 I will lift up the cup of salvation and call on the name of the LORD,
15 Precious in the sight of the LORD is the death of his saints. 16 O LORD, I am thy servant; I am thy servant, the son of thy handmaid. Thou hast loosed my bonds.
17 I will offer to thee the sacrifice of thanksgiving and
call on the name of the LORD. 18 I will pay my vows to the LORD in the presence of all his people.

As we look in the Old Testament now let's look in the New Testament as a Second reading which is in. Hebrews 9:11-15
11 But when Christ appeared as a high priest of the good things that have come, then through the greater and more
perfect tent (not made with hands, that is, not of this creation) 12 he entered once for all into the Holy Place, taking not the blood of goats and calves but his own blood, thus securing an eternal redemption. 13 For if the sprinkling of defiled persons with the blood of goats and bulls and with the ashes of a heifer sanctifies for the purification of the flesh, 14 how much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without blemish to God, purify your conscience from dead works to serve the living God. 15 Therefore he is the mediator of a new covenant, so that those who are called may receive the promised eternal inheritance, since a death has occurred which redeems them from the transgressions under the first covenant.

As we look in both the Testament, the sacrifices made in the old testament was a burnt and animals blood why in new testament Jesus sacrifices Himself for us using His own blood.

Conclusively, let's hear from the Gospel of the Lord.
In Mark 14:12-16, 22-26
12 And on the first day of Unleavened Bread, when they sacrificed the passover lamb, his disciples said to him, "Where will you have us go and prepare for you to eat the passover?" 13 And he sent two of his disciples, and said to them, "Go into the city, and a man carrying a jar of water will meet you; follow him, 14 and wherever he enters, say to the householder, `The Teacher says, Where is my guest room, where I am to eat the passover with my disciples?' 15 And he will show you a large upper room furnished and ready; there prepare for us." 16 And the disciples set out and went to the city, and found it as he had told them; and they prepared the passover. 22 And as they were eating, he took bread, and blessed, and broke it, and gave it to them, and said, "Take; this is my body." 23 And he took a cup, and when he had given thanks he gave it to them, and they all drank of it. 24 And he said to them, "This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many. 25 Truly, I say to you, I shall not drink again of the fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new in the kingdom of God." 26 And when they had sung a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives.

May God bless you for hearing and receiving His words, through Christ our Lord, Amen.

Regards,
Brother, BEM T. CELESTINE

FUNCTIONS AND EDITING CELL CONTENT (MS EXCEL)

Working with Functions
The status bar provides constant feedback on any workbook that is currently displayed. One example of such feedback  is the AutoCalculate feature. By default, AutoCalculate displays the sum of values in the selected range. By looking at the status bar, we can see that AutoCalculate displays Sum=883. This is the sum to the range C10:E11.

The AutoCalculate area in the status bar displays the Sum of a selected value. But you can change the AutoCalculate formula by Right-clicking anywhere on the status bar then AutoCalculate pop-up menu will display. A function will be checked, indicating that it is the formula being used by the AutoCalculate feature. When you change the AutoCalculate formula, the status bar will displays the figures in the formula (e.g. Average=188.6). the built-in formulas in the AutoCalculate feature, called functions, represent only a few of the over 200 functions built into Excel.

Functions start with an equal sign (=) and generally have two components: the function name and its arguments. The arguments component must be enclosed in parentheses. In most functions that arguments are a cell range. Let’s enter a few of these functions into the worksheet now. Select cell C13, type =sum(  as you type, the formula is displayed in the cell and in the formula bar. Use the mouse to select the range like C7:C11. As you selected the range, Excel updated the formula in the formula bar with the range selection. To complete the function, type ) and press Enter. E.g.2 select cell C15   type=average( use the mouse to select the range like C7:C11

we can omit the closing parenthesis when entering a function that needs only one pair of parentheses. Excel will add the closing parenthesis automatically. To complete the formula, rather than press the Enter key, click on the Enter button in the formula bar. When you click on the Enter button the cell receiving the formula remains the active cell.

In cell a HIGH cell, enter the Max function to find the highest number within the range C7:C11. Once again, use the Enter button to complete the formula entry.
One of the most commonly used functions is the Sum function. Select a cell, click on the AutoSum button. When you clicked on the AutoSum button, Excel applied the Sum function and a suggested range to be added in the formula bar. If the suggested range is not correct, you can select the correct range before applying the function. Click on the Enter button to apply the function. You can use the AutoSum button to apply the Sum function to each cell in the range in one step. E.g. select the range C8:F11. Click on the AutoSum button.

Another way to apply functions to a worksheet is to use the Edit Formula button. By using this button, you can select a function from a list. E.g. select cell F13.  Click on the Edit Formula button. You can display the function list by clicking on the function list drop-down arrow. Click on the function list drop-down arrow. Select SUM from the function list. After selecting a function, Excel suggests a range and provides additional information about what the function can do. Excel has suggested that we want to add cells c13:E13, and that is correct. Click on OK. By using the Sum function, the correct formula has been entered into cell F13.

Another way to add formulas to our Excel worksheets is to use the Paste Function dialog box. The Paste Function dialog box lists each function by category. E.g. select cell F15. Click on the Paste Function button. The paste Function dialog box will display. From the Function category list, select All. From the Function name list, select AVERAGE. Click on Ok.  After you select a function, Excel suggests a range and provides additional information about what the function can do, just as it did when we used the Edit button. This time, however, the range suggestion is incorrect. To hide the dialog box, click on the Collapse button. (the dialog box has been collapsed, enabling you to select a different range). Select range F7:F11. To display the dialog box, click on the Expand button. (NB: the range you selected is displayed in the Number 1 box). Click on Ok.

Editing Cell Contents
You can enter text that is longer than a cell’s width into one cell. The additional text is displayed in the cells immediately to the right, if these cells are empty. E.g. select cell B2. Type Bem T Celestine and press the Enter key.  Some of the text looks as if it has spilled into cell C2. E.g. select cell C2. Observe that cell C2 is empty. The text that appears in cell C2 is contained in cell B2. The display space is just being “borrowed” because C2 is empty. We can change this. Type and press the Enter key. Now that cell C2 contains the number, cell B2 cannot borrow the display area. Let’s verify that the text in cell B2 is unchanged. Select cell B2. The formula bar displays the text “Bem T Celestine”. The text was not deleted. To enable the long text to be displayed, we need to clear the contains in cell C2. E.g. select cell C2. Press the Delete key.

There are several methods you can use to edit the contents of a cell. You can double-click on a cell or press the F2 key, which is the Edit key in Excel. Once Excel is in Edit mode, you can use the mouse or the keyboard to perform the edit. E.g. Double-click on cell B2. The mode indicator on the status bar now displays “Edit” and the formula bar contains the Cancel, Enter, and Edit Formula buttons.

Editing cell contents in a cell that contains a formula.
You might need to edit a formula if an argument is incorrect, or if the formula contains a circular reference. A circular reference occurs when a formula refers to the cell in which it resides.

When a worksheet contains a circular reference, an error message box is displayed when you open the worksheet. The Circular Reference toolbar is displayed and the message in the status bar identifies the cell that contains the circular reference even if it may not be as easy to identify the error. The Circular Reference toolbar contains tools to help you find and correct a circular reference. NB: a blue dot appears in a cell, it identifies a cell as one that contains a circular reference. If there were more than one cell containing a circular reference, they would appear in the Circular Reference toolbar’s drop-down list. Click on the Trace Precedents button to graphically displays the cell that are contained within the formula of a cell.

Regards,
BEM T. CELESTINE

NAVIGATION, MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES AND RANGES (MS EXCEL)

Navigation and Movement Techniques
To move to a specific cell or range, you can use the mouse, the menu, or the keyboard.

The sheet tabs are located at the bottom of the worksheet. Click on the sheet tab of your choice to view it contents. This worksheet contains formulas that calculate how much of each month’s payment loan interest is and how much is principal. When you drag the scroll box, scroll tips appear beside the scroll bar. These tips indicate which row will be at the top of your screen when you release the mouse button. Use the Page Down key to scroll one screen’s worth of information at a time. Pressing the Control and Home keys at the same tim will activate cell A1 in the current sheet. Press the Page Down key.

The Go To dialog box can be used to activate a particular cell on the worksheet. Choose Edit, Go To.  Type d70  and press the Enter key. We’ve activated cell D70. This cell contains a formula that adds the interest information for months 1 through 60. Now press the Control + Home key combination to return to the top of the worksheet.

When a worksheet is too large to fit on the screen, you can use the Windo, Freeze Panes command to “lock” certain rows or columns of information on the screen while you scroll through the rest of the worksheet.

Select cell A8.    Choose window, Freeze Panes.   Press the Page Down key.Because you used the Window, Freeze Panes command, everything above cell A8 is “frozen” on the screen. Now, we’ll return the worksheet to its previous state.Choose Window, Unfreeze Panes.

When you have more than one file open at once, you can use the window menu to access the other open files. Let’s switch to the My Sales Report file.
Choose Window, My Sales Report.

Next, we’ll close the two open files. When we close the My Sales Report file, the other open file, Loan Workbook, will become visible.
Choose File, Close.   Choose File, Close.     Click on No.
when you closed the second file, your changes were not saved. No workbooks are open. Now, let’s create a workbook by using the New button on the toolbar. Click on the New button. (A new worksheet has been created in the Excel application window).

Working with Ranges
A range is a group of adjacent cells in a worksheet. To select a range, you can use the mouse or the keyboard. Let’s try selecting a range by using each of these methods.

Place the mouse pointer in the center of cell B3. Press and hold the left mouse button. Drag down until cell B4 is highlighted; release the mouse button. Both cells B3 and B4 are selected. This is a small rang3e in which cell B3 is the active cell. The active cell in a range appears white. If you were to type when a range was selected, the active cell would receive the keystrokes. By clicking away from a range, you deselect it. Click on the A1. Now try selecting a range by using the keyboard. Select cell B4 by placing the mous4e pointer in the center of cell B4 and clicking. Cell B4 is the upper-left corner of the range. Now you need to indentify the lower-right corner of the range to complete the range selection. Place the mouse pointer over cell F5, hold down the Shift key, and click on cell F5.

Selecting the range that will contain the sales data for Sweet and Wilson. Use either selection method to select the range C10:E11. Observe that the active cell is C10. You can change the position of the active cell within a selected range by using the Enter key, the Tab key, and the Shift key. Press the Enter key. Press the Tab key. If you press the shift key, you can reverse the selection you made by using the Enter key or the Tab key. Hold down Shift  and press the Tab key. The active cell moved from cell D11 to cell C11. Hold down Shift and press the Enter key. The active cell has moved from cell C11 to cell C10.

Now let’s see what happens when the active cell is the last cell in the selected range. Press the Enter key five times to make cell E11 the active cell. Press the Enter key.
Ranges are useful when you need to enter data. Let’s add the sales data for Sweet and Wilson. Cell C10 is the active cell. Type 120 and press the Enter key.(the value 120 has been stored in cell C10 and the active cell has moved to cell C11). Type 213 and press the Enter key. The value 213 has been stored in cell C11, and the active cell is now D10. Enter the following numbers:
In cell D10: 134,  In cell D11: 98,  In cell E10: 201, In cell E11: 117

Once you enter the last number, the active cell returns to cell C10 in the upper-left corner of the selected range. To deselect the range, you can click on any cell. Click on cell B4 to deselect the range.

In our next lesson you will learn how to work with Function. click to see what FUNCTION means.

ENTERING AND CORRECTING DATA, USING FORMULAS (MS EXCEL)

To create your own workbook in Excel, you’ll have to enter data into cells. Worksheet cells can contain constant values and formulas.

In a worksheet, text is used to organize and identify the numerical information. By default, text is left-aligned in the cell.

Let’s select a cell by clicking on it. Notice that the mouse pointer becomes a cross when it’s over a cell.
Click on cell A2, type Months.
The word appears both in the formula bar and in the cell, but it has not yet been entered.
Observe the Cancel, Enter, and Edit Formula buttons located on the formula bar. They are used for data entry with the mouse. Press the Enter key.
The text is entered in cell A2, and cell A3 is now the active or selected, cell. The mode indicator returns to Ready. You can either click on cell or use the right-and up-arrow keys on your keyboard to select a cell.
Click on cell B2Type Sales  and press the Enter key.
The text is entered in cell B2, and cell B3 is now active.
Enter the following information in the cells listed:
In cell C2: Expenses
in cell D2: Totals
on method you can use to correct an item after it’s been entered into a cell is to retype the entry and enter it again. The new entry replaces the old entry.
Select cell D2.Type profits  and press the Enter  key.
The word “profits” replaces the word “Totals”.
It is also possible to change an entry before you enter it into a cell.
In cell A4, type January. Click on the Advance button, and we’ll press the Escape key for you.
The text in the cell is erased by pressing the Escape key.
Pressing the Backspace key is another method for changing entries as you type.
In cell A3, type January.  Press the Backspace key four times to erase “uary”. Press the Enter key. The text is entered into cell A3, and the active cell is now A4.
Enter the followings:
In cell A4: Feb, In cell A5: Mar,In cell A7: Totals
When you enter numbers into a cell, they are displayed as right-aligned by default.
In cell B3, type 120 press the Enter key.
The number is right-aligned in the cell. Now enter the following information in the cells listed:
Cell B4: 195, B5:230, C3:115, C4:100 and cell C5:125
Click here to go to Excel Basic

USING FORMULAS

Here in this lesson you will also learn how to use formulas in ms excel. First let's know what formulas are.

Formulas are instructions that you enter to perform calculations. You can create formulas by using numbers; however, it is preferable to construct formulas that refer to worksheet cells, because they will update automatically if you change numbers in the worksheet. In Excel, you create formulas by preceding the expression with an equal sign (=)

Let’s create a formula to add the numbers in cells B3, B4, and B5. If your computer has a numeric keypad, you can use the plus (+) key to speed up your typing.
Select cell B7,type=b3+b4+b5 and press the Enter key
Observe the current value in cell B7
Now we’ll change a value to see the effect on the formula results.
Select cell B3type 320 and press the Enter key
The result of the formula in cell b7 reflects the change.
Next, let’s enter a formula to calculate January’s profits by subtracting Expenses (C3) from Sales (B3).
In cell D3, enter the formula =b3-c4.

Now let’s enter the following formulas in the cells listed:
In cell D4:=b4-c4, In cell D5:=b5-c5,In cell C7:=c3+c4+c5,In cell D7:=d3+d4+d5
Keep in mind that Excel follows a specific sequence when it performs calculations. This is known as the order of operations:
Parentheses
Exponents
Multiplication and division
Addition and subtraction.

Next, we’ll add a formula for the April projection, which will calculate the Sales average for January and March.
Enter the following text into the worksheet:
In cell A9:Apr projIn cell B9:=(b3+b5)/2 now let’s complete the worksheet by entering the following formulas into the cells listed:
In cell C9:=(c3+c5)/2In cell D9:=(d3+d5)/2
To view the true contents of cell, select the cell and observe the formula bar. To display formulas rather than their results, choose Tools, Options, click on the view tab, and check Formulas in the Window Options box.
Select cell A1 This is an empty cell. By looking at the figures in the worksheet, you cannot tell the difference between raw numbers and calculation results. Select cell B2.
The formula bar contains a raw number, or a constant value. The number 320 is displayed in the formula bar and in the worksheet.Select cell B7
The formula bar contains a formula (=b3+b4+b5), and the worksheet displays the result (745).

Now, let’s learn how to clear the contents of a cell and use the Undo button.
Select cell A2. This cell contains the text “Months.” We don’t need this text in the worksheet. Press the Delete key. If you delete the contents of a cell, you can replace the contents by clicking on the Undo button. This will reverse your last action. Click on the Undo button.           (You will now know how to create formulas by using cell references).

INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT EXCEL

EXCEL BASICS
The spreadsheet contains text and numbers that have been entered by the user. We refer to these values as raw data. The spreadsheet also contains derived data. These are values that are calculated from the raw data with a paper spreadsheet is complicated, time consuming, and limited. If a portion of your raw data changes, you must erase and re-enter it. Then you have to erase and recalculate derived data, such as totals or averages that were affected by your changes.

For instance, if you change the amount of the January Telephone value from N48.35 to N58.35, then you must recalculate the Quarter Total, the Monthly Total, and the Balance.

Notice that when we change the January Telephone value, Excel automatically recalculated the totals and balance.

The intersection of a column and a row is called a cell. A cell’s  name is composed of its column letter followed by its row number, such as c5, as shown.

In Excel, spreadsheets are called worksheets. Excel provides you with electronic worksheets that you can use to manage numbers and calculations.
Notice that the columns are labeled with letters and the rows are labeled with numbers.

when you are viewing the Excel window. The main area, called the work area, contains an empty spreadsheet organized in columns and rows.

The components of the Excel application window are the title bar, the menu bar, the toolbars, the formula bar, and the status bar.

The Title bar displays the name of the open application and document. At the left end of the title bar, the control-menu icon enables you to control the size and position of the Excel application window. The three buttons at the right end of the title bar enable you to minimize, maximize, and close the application window.

Toolbar buttons provide shortcuts for accomplishing many Excel tasks. By pointing to a button with the mouse pointer, you can display a pop-up text box, called a screen Tip, containing the button’s name. to use a button, simply click on it.

The status bar, located at the bottom of the Excel window, displays information about the current selection. When you first open a worksheet, the status bar displays “Ready” to indicate that the program is in Ready mode.

THE FORGIVENESS OF SINS

When I walk through crowds of people: I see some bent on pleasure, and some on business - some look rich, and some look poor. but there breathes not a man or woman in the crowd but must have their sins forgiven, or they will be condemned forever in the last day. To know your need of the forgiveness of your sins is the lifted off us. Sins is a mighty debt, and it must be paid.

Where is forgiveness of sins to be found? There is a way both sure and plain, and that way is to trust in the Lord Jesus Christ as your Saviour. It is to cast your soul, with all its sins, unreservedly on Christ, and to rest on no other work but Christ's righteousness, no other merit but Christ's merit, as your ground of hope.

Take this course and your are a pardoned soul. "To Christ" says Peter, "give all the prophets witness, that through His name whosoever believeth in Him shall receive remission o sin". (Acts 10:43) "Through this Man", says Paul at Antioch, "is preached unto you the forgiveness of sins, and by Him all that believ are justified from all things". (Acts 13:38) "In Him, "writes Paul to the Colossians, "we have redemption through His blood, even the forgiveness of sin". (Col.1:14)

ENJOY FREE BROWSING ON MTN, GLO, ETISALAT AND AIRTEL

Free browsing in Nigeria has come to stay except these networks of ours reduce their data tariff or make it free like other developed countries. If you are still not browsing free then you are not in this country.
Click HERE to learn how you can use YOUR FREEDOM to browse free with mtn, zain, glo, etisalat, multilinks etc and how you will connect your NOKIA phone with your PC. Now, lets go to the business of the day, as usual, I won’t waste your time with long talk just straight to the point. If you want free browsing 24/7 on Mtn, Zain, Glo, Etisalat etc with your PC without any software, then just follow this settings the way I will instruct you below. (Note: I’ve personally used Mozilla Firefox with it so I will
base the steps on Mozilla, but this also work well with other Browsers)
1. Learn how to connect your phone to your PC if you.    don’t already know how HERE
2. Launch Mozilla Firefox (or any other browser you have) from your.
3. Click on TOOL from the tool bar
4. Select OPTION tab from the drop down menu that appears.
5. Click on ADVANCE
6. Click on NETWORK
7. Click on SETTINGS.
8. Select MANUAL PROXY CONFIGURATION.
9. Go to HTTP PROXY: input daveproxy.co.uk or. 213.229.83.205
10. Go to PORT: input 80
11. Check “ÜSE PROXY SERVER FOR ALL PROTOCOLS”
12. Click OK.
13. Then go to the homepage of the browser & input the website of the network operator you are using, i.e.
http:/ /wap .mtnonline.com as for MTN
http:/ /www .ng .zain. com as for ZAIN
http:/ /www .cms .gloworld .com as for GLO
http:/ /www .etisalat . com.ng as for Etisalat
http:/ /www .multilinks. com for ETISALAT etc
Here is how to locate the homepage of Mozilla Firefox browser Click on TOOL from the tool bar of the browser, and then select OPTIONS, click on MAIN tab & input the website of the network you are using (as above) and click OK. Now close your Mozilla Firefox and re-launch it. Immediately your browser is re-launched, the page will load and http:/ /daveproxy .co. uk default homepage
will load. It will redirect automatically from any of the network’s homepage to DAVEPROXY.CO.UK’s homepage. Just enter your desired website address (eg http:/ /www .google .com) into their URL and click GO.
THIS SETTING HAS AN INCREDIBLE FAST SPEED.
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Micro Computer

A microcomputer is a complete computeron a smaller scale and is generally a synonym for the more common term, personal computeror PC, a computer designed for an individual. A microcomputer contains a microprocessor(a central processing unit on a microchip), memoryin the form of read-only memoryand random access memory, I/Oports and a busor system of interconnecting wires, housed in a unit that is usually called a motherboard. In an ascending hierarchy of general computer sizes, we find: *.An embedded systems programming computer, which is embedded in something and doesn't support direct human interaction but nevertheless meets all the other criteria of a microcomputer *.Microcomputer *. workstation, as used to mean a more powerful personal computer for special applications *. minicomputer, now restyled a "mid-range server" *. mainframeor mainframe computer, which is now usually referred to by its manufacturers as a "large server" *.Supercomputer, formerly almost a synonym for "Cray supercomputer" but now meaning a very large server and sometimes including a system of computers using parallel processing *.A parallel processing system is a system of interconnected computers that work on the same application together, sharing tasks that can be performed concurrently

Mini Computer

Definition - What does Minicomputermean? A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of the features and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in physical size. A minicomputer fills the space between the mainframe and microcomputer, and is smaller than the former but larger than the latter. Minicomputers are mainly used as small or midrange servers operating business and scientific applications. However, the use of the term minicomputer has diminished and has merged with servers. A minicomputer may also be called a mid-range computer. Minicomputers emerged in the mid-1960s and were first developed by IBM Corporation. They were primarily designed for business applications and services that require the performance and efficiency of mainframe computers. Minicomputers are generally used as mid-range servers, where they can operate mid-sized software applications and support numerous users simultaneously. Minicomputers may contain one or more processors, support multiprocessing and tasking, and are generally resilient to high workloads. Although they are smaller than mainframe or supercomputers, minicomputers are more powerful than personal computers and workstations.

Mainframe computer

mainframe computer A data processing system employedmainly in large organizations for various applications, including bulk data processing, process control, industryand consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing. Mainframes use proprietaryoperating systems, most of which are based on Unix, and a growing number on Linux. Over the years they have evolved from being room-sized to networked configurations of workstations and servers that are an extremely competitiveand cost effectiveplatforms for e-commerce developmentand hosting. Mainframes are so called because the earliest ones were housed in large metalframes.

Types of Computer - Super Computer

A supercomputer is a computerwith a very high-level computational capacity. As of 2015, there are supercomputers which could perform up-to quadrillions of floating pointoperations per second. Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s, made initially, and for decades primarily, by Seymour Crayat Control Data Corporation(CDC), Cray Researchand subsequent companies bearing his name or monogram. While the supercomputers of the 1970s used only a few processors, in the 1990s machines with thousands of processors began to appear and, by the end of the 20th century, massively parallelsupercomputers with tens of thousands of "off-the-shelf" processors were the norm. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]As of November 2014, China's Tianhe-2supercomputer is the fastest in the worldat 33.86 petaFLOPS (PFLOPS), or 33.86 quadrillion floating point operations per second. Systems with massive numbers of processors generally take one of two paths: In one approach (e.g., in distributed computing), a large number of discrete computers (e.g., laptops) distributed across a network (e.g., the Internet) devote some or all of their time to solving a common problem; each individual computer (client) receives and completes many small tasks, reporting the results to a central server which integrates the task results from all the clients into the overall solution. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]In another approach, a large number of dedicated processors are placed in close proximity to each other (e.g. in a computer cluster); this saves considerable time moving data around and makes it possible for the processors to work together (rather than on separate tasks), for example in meshand hypercube architectures. The use of multi-core processorscombined with centralizationis an emerging trend; one can think of this as a small cluster (the multicore processor in a smartphone, tablet, laptop, etc.) that both depends upon and contributes to the cloud. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Supercomputers play an important role in the field of computational science, and are used for a wide range of computationally intensive tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling(computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), and physical simulations (such as simulations of the early moments of the universe, airplane and spacecraft aerodynamics, the detonation of nuclear weapons, and nuclear fusion). Throughout their history, they have been essential in the field of cryptanalysis.