Bem T Celestial Computers

29 August, 2015

HOW TO MAKE MONEY ON FACEBOOK PAGE

Do you know that you can make money from your Facebook page? I will show you how you can go about it in these three easy steps.
Step 1. Apply your Facebook page;
Step 2. Advertise on your Facebook page;
Step 3. Monitor the statistics and get paid!

To get started, just follow these simple instructions:
1. Make sure you have at least 1000 likes on your Facebook page so that you can be accepted.
2. go to http://fanshala.com/ and register with your Facebook account. You will need to allow the app to have access to your Facebook pages before you can access the publisher’s dashboard. Also make sure you read Fanshala’s Terms and privacy Policy.
3. Search for and add an approved advertisement below your status and get paid. Go to the “Available Ads” section; choose an ad and copy-paste the content below your status.
4. The more your followers or likes, the more you get paid as the brand(s) you are promoting reach more people. You will be paid on a CPC (Cost-per-click) basis, the more people open the link attached to your status, and more
would be your payout.
5. You cannot provide any sort of incentive to your followers to click on the advertisement or click on them yourself (the counts are restricted to unique IPs). Any account found contravening this would be immediately banned. You will get paid via checks which will be delivered to your permanent address. Initial address verification would be done to ensure that you get your
checks duly. Payments to the publishers are made monthly. Once you reach the minimum payout value of $200, the amount shall be converted to your local currency and a check will be dispatched to your permanent address.

To get started, you would have to divulge your phone number, address and email ID. The basic connecting of your Facebook account would also be done.

Your details won’t be sold or shared with a third-party but you cab delete your Account afterwards if you don’t like this anymore. Read more

USING HTML

<html>
<head>
HTML
</head>
This is an acronyms of Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is logical
CREATING A WEB PAGE
The first thing to do is to tell the browser that you will talk to it in the language HTML.
This is done with the tag <html>
A couple of lines down and write the rest of the document between html and html
The next things your document needs is a head which provides information about your document,
and a body which is the content of the document. The head is on top of the body.
<a href="http:\\www.bemtcelestine.wordpress.com">click here to go to Celestial Computers Tyownye</a>
Now let us give an example on Adobe Photoshop
Welcome to Adobe Photoshop 7.0, the professional image-editing standard. With its integrated Web tool application, Adobe ImageReadyR, Photoshop delivers a comprehensive environment for professional designers and graphics producers to create sophisticated images for print, the Web, wireless devices, and other media. Moreover, Photoshop provides a consistent work environment with other Adobe applications including Adobe Illustrator, Adobe InDesign, Adobe GoLive, Adobe LiveMotion, Adobe After Effects, and Adobe Premiere 
</body>
</html>

28 August, 2015

JOSHUA 24

I am using the Amplified Bible: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=amplified.bible

Joshua 24

1THEN JOSHUA gathered all the tribes of Israel to Shechem, and summoned the elders of Israel and their heads, their judges, and their officers; they presented themselves before God.
2Joshua said to all the people, Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel, Your fathers dwelt in olden times beyond the Euphrates River, including Terah the father of Abraham and Nahor, and they served other gods.

3And I took your father Abraham from beyond the Euphrates River and led him through all the land of Canaan and multiplied his offspring. I gave him Isaac,

4And I gave to Isaac Jacob and Esau. And I gave to Esau the hill country of Seir to possess, but Jacob and his children went down to Egypt.

5I sent Moses and Aaron, and I plagued Egypt with what I did in the midst of it; and afterward I brought you out.

6I brought your fathers out of Egypt, and you came to the sea; and the Egyptians pursued your fathers with chariots and horsemen to the Red Sea.

7When they cried to the Lord, He put darkness between you and the Egyptians, and brought the sea upon them and covered them; and your eyes saw what I did in Egypt. And you lived in the wilderness a long time [forty years].(A)

8I brought you into the land of the Amorites who lived on the other side of the Jordan; they fought with you, and I gave them into your hand, and you possessed their land, and I destroyed them before you.

9Then Balak son of Zippor, king of Moab, arose and warred against Israel, and sent and called Balaam son of Beor to curse you.

10But I would not listen to Balaam; therefore he blessed you; so I delivered you out of Balak's hand.(B)

11You went over the Jordan and came to Jericho; and the men of Jericho fought against you, as did the Amorites, Perizzites, Canaanites, Hittites, Girgashites, Hivites, and Jebusites, and I gave them into your hands.

12I sent the [a]hornet [that is, the terror of you] before you, which drove the two kings of the Amorites out before you; but it was not by your sword or by your bow.(C)

13I have given you a land for which you did not labor and cities you did not build, and you dwell in them; you eat from vineyards and olive yards you did not plant.

14Now therefore, [reverently] fear the Lord and serve Him in sincerity and in truth; put away the gods which your fathers served on the other side of the [Euphrates] River and in Egypt, and serve the Lord.

15And if it seems evil to you to serve the Lord, choose for yourselves this day whom you will serve, whether the gods which your fathers served on the other side of the River, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land you dwell; but as for me and my house, we will serve the Lord.

16The people answered, Far be it from us to forsake the Lord to serve other gods;

17For it is the Lord our God Who brought us and our fathers up out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage, Who did those great signs in our sight and preserved us in all the way that we went and among all the peoples through whom we passed.

18And the Lord drove out before us all the people, the Amorites who dwelt in the land. Therefore we also will serve the Lord, for He is our God.

19And Joshua said to the people, You cannot serve the Lord, for He is a holy God; He is a jealous God. He will not forgive your transgressions or your sins.

20If you forsake the Lord and [b]serve strange gods, then He will turn and do you harm and consume you, after having done you good.

21And the people said to Joshua, No; but we will serve the Lord.

22Then Joshua said to the people, You are witnesses against yourselves that you have chosen the Lord, to serve Him. And they said, We are witnesses.

23Then put away, said he, the foreign gods that are among you and incline your hearts to the Lord, the God of Israel.

24The people said to Joshua, The Lord our God we will serve; His voice we will obey.

25So Joshua made a covenant with the people that day, and made statutes and ordinances for them at Shechem.

26And Joshua wrote these words in the Book of the Law of God; and he took a great stone and set it up there under an oak that was in [the court of] the sanctuary of the Lord.

27And Joshua said to all the people, See, this stone shall be a witness against us, for it has heard all the words the Lord spoke to us; so it shall be a witness against you, lest [afterward] you lie (pretend) and deny your God.

28So Joshua sent the people away, every man to his inheritance.

29After this, Joshua son of Nun, the servant of the Lord, died, being 110 years old.

30They buried him at the edge of his inheritance in Timnath-serah in the hill country of Ephraim, on the north side of the hill of Gaash.

31Israel served the Lord all the days of Joshua and of the elders who outlived Joshua and had known all the works the Lord had done for Israel.

32And the bones of Joseph, which the Israelites brought up out of Egypt, they buried in Shechem in the portion of ground Jacob bought from the sons of Hamor, the father of Shechem, for 100 pieces of money; and it became the inheritance of the Josephites.

33And Eleazar son of Aaron died; and they buried him at Gibeah [on the hill] of Phinehas his son, which was given him in the hill country of Ephraim.

Joshua 24:12 on Deut. 7:20.
Joshua 24:20 Anything which we keep in our hearts in the place which God ought to have is an idol, whether it be an image of wood or stone or gold, or whether it be money, or desire for fame, or love of pleasure, or some secret sin which we will not give up. If God does not really occupy the highest place in our hearts, controlling all, something else does, and that something else is an idol (J. R. Miller, Devotional Hours with the Bible).

Cross references:
Joshua 24:7 : osh 5:6
Joshua 24:10 : eut 23:5
Joshua 24:12 : xod 23:27, 28; Deut 2:25; 7:20

25 August, 2015

BASIC HTML PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Basic HTML Programming
HTML
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language Language.
HTML files ar are basically special text files:
• Contain special contr control ol sequences or tags that contr control ol how text is
to be formatted.
• HTML files ar are the "sour source ce code" for Web eb Br Browsers owsers
- A br browser owser reads eads the HTML file and
- Tries ries to display it using the tags to contr control ol layout.
• Text ext file cr created eated by:
- Any text editor - FREE: BBEdit Lite
- Special HTML editors -fr freewar eeware-expensive: Dreamweaver

Creating HTML Documents and Managing Web eb site
Text ext Editors
• BBEditLite
• Notepad, wor wordpad dpad
• Other text editing pr programs ograms
WYSIWYG Editors
• MS Fr Frontpage ontpage
• Macr Macromedia omedia Dr Dreamweaver eamweaver
• Others exist
First use text editor pr programs ograms to learn HTML Basics. Starting with
WYSIWYG hinders learning pr process. ocess. Only use WYSIWYG when you
know basics.

Creating Your our Own Web eb Pages
The pr process ocess in cr creating eating permanent permanentWWW WWW(HTML (+ related elated scripts
(later)) pages in this course is basically
• Cr Create, eate, and test, local files on the Macintosh Computer or shar share
UNIX files dir directly ectly acr across oss a locally (samba) mounted shar shared ed folder folder.
• Save HTML documents with extension .html, e.g. sport.html
• Ultimately you should stor store Permanent Copies of files on
Department's UNIX System/W Web eb Server Server.

Storing and Serving Files on School UNIX WWW Server
• Once you ar are happy with the format of the local (Mac based files)
and you want a permanent Web eb page you should FTP the file to
your personal UNIX file space.
OR
• If you have mounted you UNIX files via SAMBA
Ther There ar are 2 places wher where you may stor store HTML files on your
personal UNIX WWW file space.
NOTE: There is a Dif Difference ference

Two wo Special Sub-Directories in your Home Directory
project html -Files place in this dir directory ectory will be viewable only
within the department. Ideal for cour coureswork eswork
• Use URL:
http://project.cs.cf.ac.uk/A.B.Surname
wher where A.B.Surname is your long email name to refer eference ence files
fr from om the theWeb. eb.
public html -Files place in this dir directory ectory will be viewable on the
whole Internet. This is wher where you would cr create eate your Home Page Page.
• Use URL:
http://users.cs.cf.ac.uk/A.B.Surname
wher where A.B.Surname is your long email name to refer eference ence files
fr from om the theWeb. eb.

Making Your our Web eb Space Available vailable
The dir directories ectories should have been cr created eated for you but you wil have
to PUBLISH your pages on the COMSC Information Server Server.
• You ou agr agree ee to abide by University/School Regulations when you
PUBLISH your pages
• To PUBLISH your pages, go to URL:
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/user/
and click on PUBLISH button to make your pages available.
• UNPUBLISH available also.

Further Information of your School' School's Web Space
Further information on user and pr project oject Web pages at:
• User: http://www www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/html/451 .(W Web) eb) or
http://www www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/pdfs/451.pdf .(PDF)
• Pr Project: oject: http://www www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/html/452 .(W Web) eb) or
http://www www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/pdfs/452.pdf .(PDF)

UNIX File space and Storing Files on UNIX: SAMBA
Two wo ways to transfer your files on UNIX Web eb Space
Mount Unix Files via Samba
• Use Macintosh Finder
GO Connect to Server Server... ...
to mount your web space.
• Choose the COMSC
network and the
claros (or most
other machines)
• Select and Stor Store files
in in project html or
public html directory.

UNIX File space and Storing Files on UNIX: FTP
If will need to transfer files fr from om the Macintosh to UNIX and
alternative is to use FTP (STP fr from om outside School):
• Fir Fire up Fetch Application or command line FTP/SFTP SFTP.
• FTP to ftp.cs.cf.ac.uk
• Login into your own file space by using your on UNIX User ID
(e.g. scm...) and password.
• Change the directory ectory to your project html or public html
dir directory ectory.
• Put the file(s) in this dir directory ectory.

Creating Your our Own Home Page and other files for the WW WWW
• Cr Create eat the file using BBEdit (or another) and save it to disk. If the
file is
intended to be your home page save it as index.html html.
• Make sur sure file is corr correct ect by viewing it locally in Web Browser on
Macintosh (or PC!).
• Use Samba/FTP to access your UNIX File space.
• Save file in the public html dir directory ectory. It Must be placed her here. e.
• index.html should be the "home" file for every subdirectory of your web space - Br Browser always look for this file if just a
dir directory ectory is refer eferenced, enced, E.g.:
http://users.cs.cf.ac.uk/A.B.Surname/ Surname/: You ou home page
is assumed to be index.html
http://users.cs.cf.ac.uk/A.B.Surname/SubDIR SubDIR:
index.html is assumed to be pr present esent in the SubDIR SubDIR.

The Best Way ay to Learn HTML
The best way to learn HTML (or any pr programming ogramming language) is by
example.
You ou can read ead many books but practice, i.e. writing your own HTML
pages and learning fr from om example WWW pages on line, is the best
way to learn tips and constr constructs. ucts.

Viewing iewing HTML Source in your Browser
• Find a Web eb page you like or wish to learn how it is formatted.
• Make sur sure this thisWeb eb page is curr currently ently being viewed by byWeb eb Br Browser owser.
• You ou can view the WWW WWWpage page by selecting the View iew Source
(Safari) item or Source (Explor Explorer) er) item fr from om the View iew Menu.
• Compar Compare the HTML with the br browser owser display of the Page.
• Portions of the file may be selected with the mouse (click and
drag mouse) and then Copied and Pasted into other documents
(E.g. BBEdit/Dr Dreamweaver eamweaver windows.

Anatomy of Any HTML Document
Every HTML document consists of two elements:
• Head elements - pr provides ovides page title and general page
formatting commands
• Body elements - put the main HTML text in this part.

HTML Tags ags
All HTML commands or tags have the following form:
<name of tag tag>... ...</name /of tag tag>
Tags ags contr control ol the str structur ucture, e, formatting and hypertext linking or
HTML pages.
Tags ags ar are made active by by<name of tag tag>and must be made inactive
by an associated </name /of tag tag>.
HTML is not case sensitive - tags can be upper or lower case
letters (even mixtur mixtures es of cases) - Not recommended ecommended.

Basic HTML Page Structure
We can now meet or first thr three ee HTML tags html, head and body
Note that these specify the basic anatomy of every HTML page.
<html>
<head>
head elements go here
</head>
<body>
body elements go here
</body>
</html>
NOTE:
• <html> is the first tag of any HTML page. It indicates that the contents of the page is in HTML.
• </html> has to be the last tag of any HTML page

Basic HTML Coding
Head elements
• <head>....</head> tag delimits head part of document.
• <title>....</title> Defines the title of the theWeb eb page.
• Ever Web page should have a title
- Displayed as Title itle of Web eb Br Browser owser Window indow
- Used in Bookmarks or Hot lists to identify page
- Make title succinct but meaningful
- Only one title per page
- Only plain text in title (no other tags).
- Usually <body> first level one header same as title (see
below).

The Body Element
• <body>....</body> tag delimits body part of document.
• All other commands that constitute web page nested inside body body.
• Body must follow head head.

Headings
• Headings ar are used to title sections and subsection of a document.
• HTML has 6 levels of headings labelled h1, h2, ..., h6 h6.
• Delimit headings between the <hn>....</hn> tags
wher where n = 1 . . . 6
• The first heading should be <h1> item
In most documents the first heading is the same as the page title title.
• Headings ar are displayed in lar larger/bolder ger/fonts than normal body
text.
• Incr Increment ement headings linearly - do not skip.

Example of HTML headings
<html>
<head>
<title> HTML Heading Lev Levels</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> This is a level 1 heading eading </h1>

This is not a heading. It is a paragraph.

<h2> This is a level 2 heading eading </h2>
<h3> This is a level 3 heading eading </h3>
<h4> This is a level 4 heading eading </h4>
<h5> This is a level 5 heading eading </h5>
<h6> This is a level 6 heading eading </h6>
</body>
</html>

Which looks like this when viewed through ough a br browser owser:
Figur Figure 11: HTML Heading Levels Example

HTML Comments
Comments delimited by:

• Ignor Ignored ed by br browser owser - No formatting function
• Like all good pr programming ogramming practice:
Use meaning comments in your HTML
Simple comment example:


Paragraphs
• .... tag delimts a paragraph.
• HTML ignor ignores es most carriage returns eturns in a file - so must use 
or tag to get a newline in the br browser owser.
• Text ext is wrapped until a or encounter encountered. ed.
- HTML assumes that if a is encounter encounterd befor before a then
a paragraph should be inserted. (Old HTML Legacy)
- Bad practice to leave out p>.
• Paragraphs can be aligned - LEFT, CENTER, RIGHT - with
the ALIGN attribute via


Paragraph Align Example

 ->

Left aligned paragraph


Center aligned paragraph


Right aligned paragraph

Which looks like this when
viewed thr through ough a br browser: owser:

Links and Anchors
Linking to Other Documents - The Br Bread ead and Butter of the Web eb
Regions of text can be linked to other documents via the anchor anchor,
<a> a>, tag which has the following format:
<a href='' filename or URL URL'' ''> link text </a /a>
• The opening <a> tag has a href attribute that is used to specify
the link to URL or local file.
• Text ext bet between een the <a> and </a> (closing tag) is highlighted by
the br browser owser to indicate the hyperlink.
• Depending on br browser owser and web page configuration highlight style
can dif differ fer.

Relative and Absolute Links
Ther There is a subtle and very important between the links in the pr previous evious
example:
Relative links - refer efer to a page in relation elation to the curr current ent document
• sub-dir directories ectories and included files can be specified in the
relative elative link.
• Makes for very portable web pages.
Whole dir directory ectory systems can be moved easily easily.
• e.g.
<a href="\Sport\Football.html">Football</a>
Absolute links - refer eference ence files based on the absolute location on
the local file system or WWW WWW.
• e.g.
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/Sport/Football.html">Football</a>}

Anchors - Jumping to specific places in a document
Anchors ar are special places within documents that can be linked to.
• Anchors may placed anywher anywhere in a document with
<a name = "anchor_name">Anchor Position</a>
• Anchors within the same document ar are referr eferred ed to by
<a href = "#anchor_name">Go to anchor</a>
• Anchors in the external document ar are referr eferred ed to by
<a href = "link link#anchor_name">
wher where link may a relative, elative, absolute or remote emote URL link.

Anchor Example - Same code for external or internal:
<ul>
<li><a href="#apples">apples</a></li>
<li><a href="#oranges">oranges</a></li>
<li><a href="#bananas">bananas</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Information</h2>
<a name="apples">
Apples are green

<a name="oranges">
Oranges are orange

<a name="bananas">
Bananas are yellow


Lists
HTML supports a variety of lists.
Unordered or Bulleted lists
• <ul> ... </ul> delimits list.
• <li> indicates list items.
• Closing </li> is not strictly requir equired. ed. (Old HTML Legacy)
But recommended. ecommended.
<ul>
<li> apples. </li>
<li> bananas.</li>
</ul>
Which looks like this when viewed thr through ough a br browser: owser:

Ordered or Numbered lists
• <ul> ... </ul> delimits list.
• <li> indicates list items.
• Closed with </li> li>.
For Example:
<ol>
<li> apples.</li>
<li> bananas.</li>
</ol>
Which looks like this when viewed thr through ough a br browser: owser:

Preformatted Text ext
The The<PRE PRE>tag generates text in a fixed width font and causes spaces,
new lines and tabs to be significant. Often used for pr program ogram listings.
Example:
<pre>
This is preformatted text.
New lines, spaces etc. are
significant.
</pre>
which looks like this when viewed thr through ough a br browser: owser:

In-Line Images
All br browsers owsers can display in-line images that ar are in JP JPEG EG or GIF format.
• Use the img tag with src attribute to include an image in you HTML page:
<img sr src=image c=link link>
wher where image link is the the relative, elative, absolute or remote emote URL link of the im image age
file.
• Include alt=''replacement'' attribute for br browsers owsers that may not be set to
display graphics, wher where replacement is a meaningful short text description.
- Some people pr preserve eserve Bandwidth/ Download time by turning of off image
display in a br browser owser
- If image is corr corrupted upted or URL is "misdir misdirected" ected"-per perhaps haps so some me files/dir directories ectories
moved.
- Lynx text only br browser owser
- Special needs Br Browsers owsers for Blind/Partially sighted people
• Images can be align aligned ed like paragraphs.
• Images can be resized esized in pixel size or per percentage centage with width and/or height
attributes.

In-Line Image Example Pixel Size
HTML:

An image mixed in with text ext 
<img src="niagara.jpg" align=middle
lign=width = 300 height = 200
alt="Niagara Falls">

Which looks like this when viewed thr through ough a br browser: owser:

In-Line Image Example Percentage Size
HTML:
• Note: Only have set width her here to pr preserve eserve image aspect.

An image mixed in with text ext 
<img src="niagara.jpg" align=middle
lign=width = 50%
alt="Niagara Falls">

Which looks like this when viewed thr through ough a br browser: owser:

Dif Differences ferences between Absolute Pixel and
Percentage Image Size?
• Pixel size fixes size of image - if window resizes esizes too small then
scr scrolling olling will be invoked.
• When you resize esize br browser owser window always rescales escales image to fit
window - to within a reasonable easonable minimum size.

External Images, Sounds, Video ideo
External Images will be loaded into their own page as a simple
URL. The href field within the anchor tag is used.
These ar are easily included by using
<a hr href=" ef="image url url">link anchor anchor</a /a>
<a hr href=" ef="video url url">link anchor anchor</a /a>
<a hr href=" ef="audio url url">link anchor anchor</a /a>
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/sound_file.wav">MADE UP LINK!</a>

Embedded (in-line) Audio, Midi and Video ideo
To include Audio, MIDI and Video ideo Elements in a web page use the
embed tag, syntax:
<EMBED SRC="media_url"
HEIGHT=
WIDTH=
AUTOPLAY= TRUE/FLASE
LOOP= TRUE/FALSE>
• height height, width as befor before
• autoplay = TRUE for forces ces media to play on page load
• loop = TRUE for forced ced media to loop continously on page

Example Embedded Audio, Midi and Video ideo

Embedded Audio: 
<EMBED SRC="Shaggy.wav"
HEIGHT=50 WIDTH=200
AUTOPLAY=FLASE LOOP=FALSE FALSE>


Embedded Midi: 
<EMBED SRC="mars.mid"
HEIGHT=50 WIDTH=200
AUTOPLAY=FALSE LOOP=FALSE FALSE>


Embedded Video: 
<EMBED SRC="JawsII.mov"
HEIGHT=250 WIDTH=200
AUTOPLAY=TRUE LOOP=FALSE>

Which looks like this when
viewed thr through ough a br browser: owser:

Logical Character Tags ags Examples

This is emphasised Text ext


This is Strong Text

Code Text looks like this: 
<code>
begin
for i:= 1 to N
end
</code>
Variable text looks like this: 
<var>
my_var_name = 2;
</var>
<dfn>
By definition this the dfn logical style
</dfn>
Address style looks like this:
<ADDRESS>
dave@cs.cf.ac.uk Dr. A.D. Marshall
</ADDRESS>

Citation style looks like this: 
<cite>
Internet Computing Notes, otes, David Marshall 2003
</cite>
Which looks like this this:

Physical Character Tags ags Examples

This is bold text.


This is italic text.


This is text is unde underlined. rlined.

<tt>
This is fixed width text.
</tt>
<s>
This is text is stru struck ck through.
</s>
This is normal text.
<big>
This is bigger text.
</big>
This is normal text.

This is smaller text text.

X1 is sub subscripted scripted (1).
X2. the squared quared (2) is superscripted
Fractions can be mad made with a mix of sup and sub:
12
Which looks like this this:

Special Characters
Certain characters need to be referr eferred ed to in a special way way.
These include:
• Character strings that repr epresent esent special symbols, e.g.
- &amp for &
- &lt for <
- &gt for >
- &quot for double quote (")

Horizontal rules and Line breaks
Ther There ar are two tags that can be used to contr control ol the layout of your
page.
• Horizontal Rule <hr>
• Line br break eak - inserts a end of line wher where it appear
Neither have a closing tag or associated text.
Their use is fairly straightforwar straightforward. d.

Horizontal Rule <hr>
The <hr> has 4 attributes that may be associated with it.
• The size attribute to specify thickness of line in pixels (pixels
ar are individual dots displayed on the scr screen). een).
For example:
2 Pixels 
<hr size=2>
4 Pixels 
<hr size=4>
8 Pixels 
<hr size=8>
16 Pixels 
<hr size=16>
Which looks like this this:
Can also add/r remove emove shading, alter alignment and change width
e.g.
<hr noshade align=right width=50%>

Fonts and Font Sizes
The tag is used to change the font size and type face of text
enclosed between the begin and end tag.
• The size attribute changes the size of the font. Allowed values
ar are 1 to 7.
- size attributes can be incr incremented emented or decr decrements ements with
+ operator within the above range range.
E.g size = +2 2.
• The face attribute to select a type face.
E.g. face = "futura,helvetica" helvetica", face = "courier"

Example uses of font tag: face and absolute size
Sans lvetica">Serif fonts are fonts
without the small "tick ticks" s" on the strokes of the characters.

Normal font size. <fo font nt size=5>Larger font size.
font size 1 
</font size 2 
</font size 3 
</font size 4 
</font size 5 
</font size 6 
</font size 7 
</looks looks like this

Web eb Page Backgrounds
You ou can do a few simple yet ef effective fective things to spice up your web
pages.
It is straightforwar straightforward to
• Change the colour of your backgr background. ound.
• Make a (GIF or JPEG) image a backgr background ound

Back
Close
Colour in HTML
Colour is widely used in many HTML contexts.
We, e, briefly briefly, intr introduce oduce the concept of colour in HTML her here. e.
Ther There ar are two ways to specify colour:
• Use Hexadecimal numbers to specify each red, ed, gr green een and blue
component.
• Use one of a set of predefined colour names names.

Hexadecimal Colour Representation in HTML
Colour for each red, ed, gr green een and blue colour component is repr epresented esented
by a range 0 (0 Hex) to 255 decimal (FF hex) wher where
• 0 indicates zer zero colour component
• 255 indicates full colour component
• Other values a pr proportion oportion of a the colour value.

Example Hexadecimal Colours
Thus, we can form:
Red Gr Green een Blue Colour
0 0 0 Black
255 255 255 White
255 0 0 Red (full)
0 255 0 Gr Green een (full)
0 255 0 Blue (full)
x x x x = 0-255
Shade of gr grey ey
255 0 255 Magenta
0 255 255 Yellow ellow
and so on ...

Predefined Colours in HTML
You ou can choose fr from om pr predefined edefined colours, for example:
Black, White, Green, Maroon, Olive, Navy Navy, Purple, Gray Gray, Red,
Yellow ellow, Blue, Teal, eal, Lime, Aqua, Fuchsia and Silver Silver.
• Colour names ar are easier to remember emember. The only drawback is a
restricted estricted choice compar compared ed with several million possible colours
possible with hexadecimal repr epresentation. esentation.
• The fidelity and ultimate rendering endering of colour will depend on the
har hardwar dware you run un the br browser owser on.

Setting the Background Colour of Your our Browser
To change the backgr background ound colour you must set the BGCOLOR attribute
in the BODY tag.
• To specify a hexadecimal number you must put a # befor before the
number and then two hex digits for each red, ed, gr green een and blue
component respectively espectively.
For example, whitehex.html html:
<BODY BGCOLOR = "#FFFFFF">
gives us a white backgr background. ound.

Some Example Named Colour Backgrounds
To set BGCOLOR with a predefined name simply refer efer to the name of
one of the allowed colours colours.
For example, green.html html:
<BODY BGCOLOR = "green">
gives us a gr green een backgr background. ound.

Image Backgrounds
You ou can use an image as a backgr background ound for your web pages.
To do this use the BACKGROUND
attribute of the BODY tag, for
example, my back.html html:
<body background="my_back back.gif">
.URLs (r relative elative or absolute) can be
supplied:
<body background=
"images/my_back.gif">
<body background=
"/server_images/my_back.gi gif"> f">
<body background=
"http://www.myimageserver/ my_back.gif">

Using Image Backgrounds
Some pr precautions ecautions should be taken when using images:
• Keep the size of the images small
• Br Browsers owsers tile images:
- Small images ar are repeated epeated in rows ows and columns to fill the web
page.
- This saves on downloading over overheads heads of lar large ge images
- Images should have patterns that "flow" between tiles
- GIF and JPEG image formats allowed
• Br Browsers owsers cache images and web pages so reuse euse a backgr backgrounds ounds
on several pages.
• Reusing a backgr background ound cr creates eates a consistency to pages pr providing oviding a
"web site" overall image.

Scrolled Image Backgrounds
Image backgr backgrounds ounds cane be Scr Scroll oll contr controlled olled via the bgproperties
attribute of the BODY tag
• If bgproperties="fixed" is set when (W Web eb Page) text is
scr scrolled olled backgr background ound image remains emains fixed
For example, my back fixed.html :
<body background="my_back back.jpg" .bgproperties="fixed">
• Otherwise the backgr background ound image also scr scrolls olls
For example, my back scroll.html html.

Text ext Colour in HTML
You ou can change the colour of text on your web page in much the
same way as you set the backgr background ound colour colour.
• You ou can change the colour of all the text on page by setting the
TEXT attribute of the BODY tag.
• For example redtexthex.html html:
<body text = "#FF0000">
or or, redtext.html html:
<body text = "red">
gives us red ed text on our page.

Multicoloured Text ext
Setting the Text ext colour in the BODY still only gives one colour for all
text on a page:
• You ou can also colour individual portions of text with the 
tag by setting the COLOR attribute.
For Example, fontcol.html html:
Multicoloured text:
 

This is RED text
 

This is GREEN text
 

This is Blue text
 
Which gives:

CGI Scripting
What is a CGI Script?
A CGI script is any pr program ogram that runs uns on a web server server.
Why CGI Scripts Scripts:
CGI stands for Common ommon Gateway ateway Interface
CGI defines a standar standard wa way in which information may be passed
to and fr from om the br browser owser and server server.
Any pr program ogram or script that can pr process ocess information accor according ding to
the CGI specification (part of HTTP pr protocol otocol) can, in theory theory, be used
to code a CGI script.

The Role of CGI
The role ole of this CGI script is to:
• Accept the data which the user inputs and
• Do something with it.
• Usually Usually, send a reply eply back to user user.
Figur Figure 26: The Common Gateway Interface

Writing riting and Running CGI Scripts
CGI scripts can exist in many forms - depending upon what the
server supports.
CGI scripts can be compiled pr programs ograms or batch files or any executable
entity entity. For simplicity we will use the term script for all CGI entities.
Typically ypically CGI scripts ar are written in:
• Perl scripts - colorgreen The method we adopt adopt. Most ost common
too
• C/C++ pr programs ograms
• Unix Scripts
colorred We will concentrate on Perl in this course course.
CGI scripts ther therefor efore have to be written (and maybe compiled) and
checked for errors befor before they ar are run un on the server server.

Calling a CGI Script
CGI can be called and run un in a variety of ways on the server server.
The 2 most common ways of running unning a CGI script ar are: e:
• Fr From om an HTML Form -the ACTION attribute of the form specifies
the CGI script to be run. un.
• Dir Direct ect URL refer eference ence-ACGI CGI script can be run un dir directly ectly by giving
the URL explicitly in HTML HTML.
- Ar Arguments guments (values) may be requir equired ed by the script this will
have to passed in.
- We will see how to do this shortly shortly.
One other way CGI scripts ar are called is in Server Server-side -include
HTML commands.
• This is something we will leave until later later.

Creating CGI Scripts
We will be cr creating eating CGI scripts in Perl Perl.
Perl has become the default language for cr creating eating CGI scripts as it
has many useful featur features es and a rich set of libraries.
On Mac OS X/UNIX perl scripts ar are executed as scripts
• Perl Scripts ar are interpr interpreted eted - no need to compile
• A special pr program, ogram, the Perl Interpreter Interpreter, supplied on the system.
On PC (also LINUX/Solaris)
• ActivePerl is used (Industry Standar Standard) d)
Perl is a freely available for most platforms -see seewww www.perl.or .org
or www www.perl.com

Perl CGI Script Development Cycle
The basic cycle of perl script development recommended ecommended for this
course is:
1. Write rite and cr create eate Perl scripts on Local Machine
(Mac OS X/PC/LINUX).
2. Test, est, run un and debug Perl script Local Machine
(Mac OS X/PC/LINUX)
• Possibly not fully functional CGI test
• But test for syntax and basic output output.
3. For permanent storage or permanent permanentWeb eb distribution, Samba/FTP
perl script and HTML to School's UNIX/LINUX Web eb Server
• As with HTML home pages ther there ar are two distinct ways to
serve CGI (Local (Pr Project) oject) and Global (Public)) scripts.
• HTML files must be placed in special dir directories. ectories.
• Perl scripts must be place in special (sub) dir directories ectories
(cgi-bin subdir subdirectory ectory fr from om HTML dir directory ectory-more soon soon). ).

Setting up CGI Scripts to run on a server
As mentioned above and in similar fashion HTML code need to located
in a special place in or order der to run un and operate pr properly operly.
CGI Scripts on School' School's Web eb Server
The pr process ocess of installing CGI scripts is similar to that of HTML pages,
except dif differ ferent ent (sub)dir directories ectories and URLs ar are used.
project html/cgi-bin - Files placed in this dir directory ectory will be
accessible only within the school.
• Use URL:
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/proj project/A.B.Surname/cgi-bin
ect/wher where A.B.Surname is your long email name to refer eference ence files
fr from om HTML forms or dir directly ectly.
• Associated HTML files (i.e. ones whose FORM ACTION calls
the CGI script) must still be placed in the project html
dir directory ectory (one (sub)dir directory ectory level above.

World orld Wide ide CGI Scripts on School' School's Web eb Server
public html/cgi-bin - Fil Files es placed in this (sub)dir directory ectory will
be viewable on the whole Internet.
• Use URL:
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/User User-bin/A.B.Surname
-wher where A.B.Surname is your long email name to refer eference ence
scripts fr from om HTML or dir direct ect URL.

Setting up cgi-bin (sub)directories
• cgi-bin (sub)dir directories ectories should alr already eady be cr created eated for you.
• You ou will have register egister your project and
public html/cgi-bin dir directory ectory on the School's School'sWeb eb Server Server.
• CGI scripts placed her here will need their access permission
changed.
- See mor more information of following slide
Further information on user and pr project oject Web eb CGI pages at:
• User: http://www www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/html/451 .(W Web) eb) or
http://www www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/pdfs/451.pdf .(PDF)
• Pr Project: oject: http://www www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/html/452 .(W Web) eb) or
http://www www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/pdfs/452.pdf .(PDF)

Configuring and Running Individual CGI scripts
Simply place (FTP) the CGI script in the public or
project html/cgi-bin subdir subdirectories. ectories.
Every CGI script will need to have certain access modes changed.
This can be done fr from om Macintosh (with Fetch) or on UNIX/LINUX
(via Telnet elnet connection).
CGI scripts have a maximum CPU run runtime time of 30 secs -
after which they are terminated.

Setting File Access Modes - Fetch FTP Application
To set file access modes fr from om colorgreen Fetch (just before FTP transfer) transfer):
• Select the Set Upload
Permissions... Menu item
fr from om the Remote Menu.
• A new window appears.
Click on and set the
Owner and Group read,
write and search/execute
permissions and set the
Everyone search/execute
permission

Setting File Access Modes - UNIX/LINUX (via Telnet) elnet)
To Set CGI file permissions fr from om UNIX UNIX:
• Assume we have cr create eate the CGI script called test1.pl pl.
• test1.pl must reside eside in dir directory ectory project or
public html/cgi-bin (or copy it ther there). e).
• To change the mode of the script to make it executa executable ble and accessible by the theWeb eb
server type (fr from om your top level dir directory ectory in example below):
chmod +x public_html/cgi cgi-bin/test1.pl
-touch public_html/cgi-bi bin/test1.pl
n/chmodwww public_html/cgi cgi-bin/test1.pl
-• If you cd into public html/cgi-bin or
project html/cgi-bin then you need not type full paths
• chmodwww test1.pl may be replaced eplaced by
chmod og+w test1.pl
You ou should now be able to access the script using URL URL:
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/us user(project)/A.B.Surname/cgi-bin
er(

17 August, 2015

BE COMPUTER LITERATE IN THE COMPUTER WORLD

Admission is going on at Celestial Computers Tyowanye therefore admission forms are available for sale. Be computer guru at Celestial Computers Tyowanye with BEM T. on the system. How I wish you could all be computer literate.

05 July, 2015

YOU MUST LAUGH

A girl was very proud of her boy friend, she always tell her friends how good her boy friend is. On the day of her birthday, she invited all her friends including her boy friend who happens to be the special guest of honour.

Everybody brought their gifts to the girl and was waiting for the arrival of the girl's boy friend who promised to bring a very nice gift for his girl.

As everybody was waiting, behold! The boy was coming with a gift which was inside a poly bag. The girl was very happy at the arrival of his boy friend and was ready to see the gift that he brought to her.

Do you know what happened?
The boy just opened the poly bag in front of all the guest's
and invitees. And he brought out a loaf of bread. And said to the girl..."take this bread, that's what i brought for you as your birthday gift"

The girl got angry immediately and was highly disappointed at her boy friend. She grab the bread and threw it away with anger. The boy friend also got disappointed and he rushed and pick up the bread.
He opened the bread in front of his girl friend, behold!!!.... there was a car key and an engagement ring inside the bread.

When the girl noticed that...... She began to beg, but then, it was too late for her.

Moral: always learn how to appreciate things, weather big or small.

Prayer: i pray that your mistake will never take away your
favour, before the end of the year, God must surely surprise you with a miracle.

03 July, 2015

WORKING WITH WORKBOOK (MS EXCEL)

Working with workbooks
Multiple worksheets enable you to do some useful and powerful data analysis. You can think of multiple worksheets as working with a three-dimensional file. Each sheet has a height and width. The depth dimension comes from the layers of the worksheets. The first or last sheet in the workbook summarizes the detailed data contained on the other sheets. Here you will work with a workbook that uses multiple worksheets.

You can change the order of sheets within a workbook by moving them, but you must be careful. Just as moving rows before or after the last reference in a cell range can cause formulas to be incorrect, the same is true when moving sheets. E.g. point to a sheet tab. Press and hold the mouse button. Drag the mouse pointer with the sheet icon until the black triangle is pointing between the other sheets. Then release the mouse button.

Copying a sheet within a workbook. Select the sheet. Hold down the Ctrl key and drag the sheet to the right, on top of sheet the other sheet. Release the Ctrl key and the mouse button.

In Excel, you cannot use the Cut, Copy, and Paste commands to move or copy sheets. You can, however, use the shortcut menu to insert and delete sheets. Right-click on the sheet tab you just created. Choose Delete and click on ok. you have just deleted the sheet. Now when you insert a sheet, the new sheet is inserted sheet and becomes the active sheet. Right-click on the Summary sheet tab and choose Insert. Click on Ok.

Linking Cells in Different Workbooks
You can link workbooks by writing a formula in one workbook that refers to a value in another workbook. Here you will build, save, and edit formulas that link workbook files. You’ll also use a summary workbook to establish and maintain links to cells in other workbook files. E.g. the files, open dialog box is displayed. Select Hanover.xls. press the Ctrl key and select Monder.xls, Rene.xls, and Summary.xls. Selecting the files is the first step in opening several workbooks at the same time. Click on Open. Choose window, Rene. The worksheet shows item code and price, along with quantity, sales, and commission. If you’d like, activate the workbooks for Monder and Hanover to observe their sales worksheets.

E.g. entering a linking formula that will contain external references to the three salespersons’ workbooks. Cell A5 is selected. Type the equal sign (=) to begin to enter the formula. Choose Window, Rene. Click on the Total Value. Observing the formula bar. An external reference to the Rene.xls workbook is contained in the formula. This formula links the Summary.xls and Rene.xls workbooks. The cell reference is absolute: you can change that by editing the formula manually. Type the plus sign (+) to continue the formula. Choose Window, Monder. Click on the total value. Type the plus sign (+) choose Window, Hanover. Click on total value. Then press Ctrl + Enter to complete the formula. When there is any change Totals will change in the summary workbook. The summary workbook is called the dependent workbook, since it contains the linking formula with external references. The workbooks to which the linking formula refers are called the source workbooks.

To ensure that source workbook formulas have been calculated and that document names are current, save the source workbooks before saving their dependent workbooks.

When you open a file that contains one or more linking formulas, you can us4e the Edit, Links command to open source workbooks, update the formula calculations, or change the source workbooks. E.g. open New summary.xls. The workbook contains links. Because you do not have all the source documents open, Excel asks if you want to update the linked formulas with the latest data from the source workbooks. Click on Yes. The New summary workbook is identical to the My Summary workbook you created. However, you can verify the source workbook links. Choose Edit, Links. The Links dialog box enables you to see the workbooks upon which the current workbook depends. You can open any or all of these files. Select Rene.Xls. Click on Open Source. close the Rene.xls workbook. Choose Edit, Links. Select Rene.xls. click on Change Source. The change Links dialog box enables you to select a new workbook to which to link New Summary. In the first list, select My Rene.xls. Click on Ok. Click on Ok again.

Using Comments
A comment is a text that contains information about a worksheet cell. Here you will create and control comments to documents your workbooks more effectively. Comment indicators are displayed automatically for cells that have comments attached. A comment indicator is a small triangle in the upper-right corner of the cell. They do not print when you print a worksheet. E.g. select a cell. From the shortcut menu for the cell, choose Insert Comment.

30 June, 2015

CREATING A PIVOT (MS EXCEL)

Creating Pivot Tables
A pivot table is an interactive worksheet table. You can create a pivot table to quickly summarize, organize, and analyze large amounts of data. You will also add fields to and delete fields from a pivot table. The data that you use to create a pivot table is called the source data. Source data can come from Excel’s data, or an external database file.

E.g. The source data for the pivot table in this workbook is contained in the Sales worksheet. There is a large amount of data in this worksheet. The data represents sales projections for the Bem T. Group’s technology journals. This worksheet has nearly 1,200 rows of information. Getting specific information about a particular year, month, or product could be quite involved if your only options were to cut, paste, and write formulas. Fortunately, these are not your only options. Activate the Pivot Table sheet. This pivot table summarizes the data from the Sales sheet. The pivot table very clearly shows earned income for each month and year, for all the products. Excel also provides a special toolbar for manipulating pivot tables. To specify what portions of the source data to use in the table, you choose fields and items. Fields are categories of data, and items are subcategories in a field. For example, 1988 would be an item in a field called Year.

There are two types of fields: row/column/page fields, and data fields. Row/column/page fields usually contain a limited set of text values; for example, Year contains 1998, 1999, and 2000. Data fields usually contain numeric data used for summarizing, for example, sales amounts. The data presentation is called a pivot table because you can rotate the row and column headings to create different data configurations. You can also move the page data into the table to create different configurations as well.

E.g. creating a pivot table. Choose the cell that contains the name Year, choose Data, Pivot Table And PivotChart Report. (The PivotTable And PivotChart Wizard – step 1 of 3 will display and you need to confirm that the source data is an Excel list. This option is selected by default). Click on Next. In step 2 of 3, the wizard will requires you to specify the location of the data. Because you selected cell A4 before starting the wizard, Excel automatically selected the range of contiguous cells surrounding the active cell. Click on Next. In step 3 0f 3, the wizard will ask you whether you want the pivot table in a new or existing worksheet. The default is a new worksheet. Click on Finish. Notice that the field names from the list all appear at the bottom of the toolbar. You drag these onto the various areas of the pivot table grid to create the pivot table. Callouts have been added to explain the purpose of the various areas, but the best way to understand a pivot table is to build one.

Click on the Simulation button to observe the Year field being dragged from the PivotTable toolbar to the Drop Column Here area of the pivot table grid. You can also simply move the copies field out by deleting it from the table, and then move another in to add it. Point to the Sum of Copies field in cell A3, and drag it to cell A2. Observe the mouse pointer as you drag. You will remove any field from a pivot table by dragging it to any cell outside of the table. E.g. Drag the Income field from the PivotTable toolbar to the Drop Data items Here area. Drag the Product field from the PivotTable toolbar to the Drop page Fields Here area of the pivot table. Click on the Product drop-down arrow, select 2022, and click on Ok. consider what it would take to derive this level of detail by writing your own formulas.

Modifying Pivot Tables
After you create a pivot table, you’ll probably need to adjust it to make it work for your specific requirements. Here you will change and reorganize pivot table data, alter pivot table field information, and refresh pivot table data. An advantage of using pivot tables to analyze information is that pivot tables can be manipulated and changed easily. Drag the Product field from the Page Field area to the Row Field area, as indicated. Drag the Month field from the Row Field area to the Drop Page Fields Here area. In the Month drop-down box, select Jan. click on Ok.

When you create a pivot table, Excel formats the data by using the number format included in the Normal style for the worksheet. E.g. Right-click on the Sum Of Income field button and choose Field Settings. The PivotTable Field dialog box is displayed. From here you can change several settings for the selected field. In the Name box, type Total Income click on the Number button. Format the cells as Currency with 0 decimal places. Click on OK twice.

If your source data changes after you have created a pivot table, you will need to refresh the pivot table to reflect the changes to the source data. E.g. The value in cell B5 contains the January 1999 total income, which is $4,748. Activate the Sales sheet. Select the cell--- and change the value to 2000. Activate Sheet1 once again. On the PivotTable toolbar, click on the Refresh Data button.

Regards,

BEM T. CELESTINE

CREATING A PIVOT (MS EXCEL)

Regards,

BEM T. CELESTINE

27 June, 2015

Using the IF and VLOOKUP Functions (MS EXCEL

Using the IF and VLOOKUP Functions
The IF function is used to create a formula that returns different results under different conditions. You use the VLOOKUP function to create a formula that picks a return value from a range of values depending on an input value. E.g. three salespeople did not meet the quota of $60,000, and therefore they should not receive a commission. However, the current formula in the Comm column calculates a commission for each salesperson. The syntax for the IF function, and the practical application example. You use the IF function to perform one calculation if a certain condition is true, and a different calculation if that condition is false.

IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)
Logical_test is any value or expression resulting in TRUE or FALSE.

Value_if_true is the value (or formula resulting in a value) that will be returned if logical_test is TRUE.

Value_if _false is the value (or formula resulting in a value) that will be returned if logical_test is FALSE. For example, given the following function: IF(A4>5, A4/2,0)
If A4 =8, then logical_test (A4>5) is TRUE, and the function returns value_if_true (A4/2).
If A4 = 2, then logical_test (A4>5) is FALSE, and the function returns value_if_false (0).

The range F6:F10 has been cleared. E.g. to build a new formula that awards commissions only to those salespeople who meet the quota. Click on the Paste Function button. In the Function Category list, select Logical. In the Function Name list, select IF. Click on OK.

Now completing the three sections of the IF function dialog box. In the Logical_test box, type E6>=Quota in the value_if_true box, type E6*Comm_Rate in the Value_if_false box, type 0 (this formula will test whether the sales total value is greater than or equal to the quota value. If the test is true, a commission value will be calculated. If the test is false, the commission value will be assigned a zero value). Click on Ok.

A function’s arguments can be constant values or formulas. When a function’s argument is another function, it’s called a nested function. Nested IF functions have their place, but they also have their shortcomings. Rather than nest IF functions, you can use the VLOOKUP function. The VLOOKUP function finds and returns a value located in a certain row and column of a lookup table, as long as the table contains an orderly arrangement of information.

VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, range_lookup)
Lookup_value is the value that will be looked for in the first column the lookup table. It can be a value, reference, or text string.

Table_array is a reference to (or name of a reference to) the lookup table.

Vol_index_num is the column number in the lookup table from which value should be returned.
Range_lookup is an optional argument that specifies whether you require an exact match or an approximate match.

E.g. select the Bonus column contents. Click on the Paste Function button. In the Function Category list, select Lookup & Reference. Click on the vertical scroll bar below the scroll button. In the Function Name list, select VLOOKUP. (The structure and explanation of the VLOOKUP function will display at the bottom of the paste Function dialog box). Click on Ok. Then providing settings for the first three sections. In the Lookup_value box, type the cell ---- In the Table_array box, type Bonus In the Col_index_num box, type 2 click on OK. The benefit of using the VLOOKUP function comes when you delete, add, or change the information within your lookup table. You won’t need to change the formulas because they’ll be managed automatically.

25 June, 2015

TEMPLATES AND NAMES (MS EXCE)

Using Templates
Templates make it easy for you to create workbooks that share common characteristics. Once you’ve created the template workbook, you’ll be able to use it as a basis for future, similar workbooks. Templates should contain only labels and formulas, and not raw data. Templates are also most useful when they do not include specific dates or references to the time of year. E.g. with Procedures: press the Delete key to delete the raw data in the selected range. Edit cell A3 to read Quarter? You need to save the generic workbook as a template. Template workbooks are saved to the Template system folder. Choose File, Save As. The Save As dialog box will display. From the Save As Type list, select Template (*.xlt). when you specify the Template format, Excel automatically changes the current folder to the Templates folder. All templates should be saved to this folder. Change the file name to ---------. Click on Save. Close the file.

You can now open a new Excel workbook by using the template you just saved. When you open a template file, Excel opens a copy of the template file and leaves the original intact. Excel also creates a default file name by using the template name and a sequential umber. Choose File, New. The New dialog box will display, providing you with a choice of templates on which to base your new workbook. Select My Expense Report.xlt. click on Ok.

Notice that when you edit a template and save to another name it does not affect the original file.

Using Names

A name is a description that you assign to a group of cells as an alternative to its cell reference. You can use names to make formulas more powerful and flexible. Names should follow these guidelines.

The first character must be text or an underscore character. The remaining characters can be text, numbers, periods, and the underscore character. Names can consist of up to 255 characters.
A name cannot contain spaces.

You can use lowercase letters in names; however, Excel does not distinguish between uppercase and lowercase letters when using names.

E.g. Cell F6 contains a formula that calculates a commission. The commission rate and quota are contained within a box on the worksheet. The values in the Bonus column are based on the bonus table data. The formula in cell F6 uses the name Comm_Rate instead of a number or cell reference. In the Name Box drop-down list, select Comm_Rate. Choose Insert, Name, Define. The Define Name dialog box enables you to define new names and to see names that are already assigned.

Commission_Rate is displayed in the text field because Excel assumes that you want to use the text in the cell adjacent to the active cell to define a new name. however, Comm_Rate has already been define. In the Names In Workbook list, select Comm_Rate. Click on Close.

Regards,

BEM T.

TEMPLATES AND NAMES (MS EXCE)

Notice that when you edit a template and save to another name it does not affect the original file.

Using Names

You can use lowercase letters in names; however, Excel does not distinguish between uppercase and lowercase letters when using names.

Regards,

BEM T.

24 June, 2015

Creating and Using Styles (MS EXCEL)

Creating and Using Styles

A combination of formats for a cell is called a style. You can use styles to simplify the formatting of your documents. You’ll find that by using styles, you can provide a consistent look to all your documents.

Displaying the formatting attributes that you can specify in a cell style. Notice that cell A1 is selected. Procedure: choose Format, Style. The Style dialog box will display and it will show the six formatting attributes. These attributes are the settings of Normal style. By default, all cells in all worksheets use the Normal style. The settings of the Normal style do not precisely match the formatting of the current cell, A1. That’s because a cell can contain additional formatting on top of the style that is applied to it. If you assign a new style name to the combination of formats in cell A1, you’ll create a style. Procedure: in the Style Name box, type My Title, click on Ok.

when you create a style by assigning a name to a cell that has already been formatted, you are creating a style “by example.” Using the new style. Procedure: 1. select cell A3, choose Format, Style. From the Style Name drop-down list, select My Title. Click on Ok. another method you can use to create styles is called “by definition”. With this method, you assign the attributes you want from the Style dialog box. Procedure: select cell A5. As you press the Shift key, select cell D5. Display the style dialog box. Using the “by definition” method to create a style. In the Style Name box, type My Heading click on Modify. The Format cells dialog box will display. Select the Font tab. In the Font box, type Times New Roman select the Patterns tab. In the Cell Shadding, color area, select the light shade of gray. Click on Ok. click OK again. Click outside to deselect the cell.

You can apply cell formatting to any cell without affecting the style formatting, because any cell can contain additional formatting on top of the style that is applied to it. To redefine a style, you must change the style’s attributes by using the Style dialog box.

Regards,

BEM T. CELESTINE