A Must Read Life Happenings

My wife is a CEO, she always hates me for being lazy and wants to divorce me. But she doesn't know that her success is bestowed by me.

"Dustin, here is the divorce agreement prepared by Ms. Nicholson, please sign it."

In the president's office of the Quine Group, Lyra Blaine, the secretary, placed a piece of paper on the table. A man sat opposite her, dressed in plain clothing.

"Divorce? What do you mean?"

"Your marriage with Ms. Nicholson is over. You're not even on the same level anymore. Your existence is nothing but a smear on our CEO's reputation!"

"A smear on her reputation?" Dustin frowned. "Is that what she thinks of me?"

Dahlia Nicholson and Dustin Rhys had been married for three years. After Dahlia's meteoric rise to success, she was about to abandon Dustin as a burden and filed for divorce. Unbeknownst to her, everything she had ever achieved was actually bestowed by him.

Back when they first got married, the Nicholson family was in ruinous debt. He was the one who helped them when they were at their rock bottom. Now that they became rich, Dahlia Nicholson was ready to kick him out.

With the sound of the door opening, a pair of enchanting high heels came into his view.

"You're finally here."

Dustin felt complicated when he saw the beautiful woman. They had been married for three years, during which they treated each other with care and respect. But this was how it ended. He still didn't know what he had done wrong.

"I'm sorry for being late, I was caught up with something else."

Dahlia Nicholson sat down. Her expression was as impassive as ever.

"You certainly are busy, if you need your secretary to help you deal with your divorce," Dustin said.

Hearing this, Dahlia frowned slightly. However, she did not explain herself. Instead, she said, "Since you're here, let's end it on a pleasant note. You can have the car, the house, and 8 million dollars as alimony. How does that sound?"

At that, she placed a card on the table.

"Do you really think our relationship can be measured by money?" Dustin asked.

"Too little? That's alright. Let me know what you want. I'll give you anything within my power," Dahlia said placidly.

"Are money and power that important to you?" Dustin was truly bewildered.

"Dustin, that's where you and I diverge in philosophy. You'll never understand what I really want." Dahlia shook her head in disappointment. 

"You're right." Dustin nodded without any emotion. "I heard that you've been close with the heir of the Nolan family. Is it because of him?"

Dahlia was about to deny it when she gave it a second thought. In the end, she nodded.

"You can say that."

"Okay. I hope you're happy with him." Dustin smiled and signed the divorce agreement without any more hesitation. All he felt now was disappointment. Ironically, today was also their wedding anniversary. There was cruel humor in divorcing him on the day they had gotten married.

"I don't want the money, I just want that crystal necklace back. My mother left it to me before she died so that I can give it to my wife."

"Okay."

Dahlia nodded and gave him the necklace.

"From today on, we will have nothing to do with each other!"

Dustin put on the necklace and left. He had no more gentleness in his expression, all that was left was distant aloofness.

"Did I do the right thing, Lyra?" Dahlia asked hesitantly.

"Of course you did!" Lyra nodded. " Dustin does not deserve you at all. You're destined to be the most powerful woman in Swinton!"

Dahlia did not answer her. As she watched Dustin leave, she felt as if she was losing something precious.

Chapter 2

In the elevator, Dustin stared at the crystal necklace dejectedly. It was time to awaken from this prolonged daydream.

Suddenly, his phone rang, breaking him out of his trance. 

A familiar voice raised, "Mr. Rhys, I'm Hunter Anderson from the Swinton Group. I heard that today is your wedding anniversary with Ms. Nicholson, so I've prepared a gift for you. I'm just wondering if you have any time today?"

"Thank you for your kindness, but I'm afraid we won't need the gift any more," Dustin said. 

"Why?"

Hunter could sense something wrong.

"Is there anything else you'd like to talk about, Mr. Anderson?"

"Actually, yes." Hunter cleared his throat awkwardly. "I've got a friend who contracted a strange illness. He's seen a lot of doctors, but none of them could do anything about it. I was hoping that you could help."

"Mr. Anderson, you know my rules."

"Of course! I'm sincere in my request. My friend owns some canscora, which I remember you were looking for. I'm sure he'll be willing to part with it if you help him," Hunter said.

"Is it true?" Dustin asked seriously.

"Yes, it is!"

"Alright, then I'll be willing to take a look." Dustin immediately agreed.

He wasn't interested in money or jewels, but rather some rare plants, as he needed them to save lives.

"Thank you, Mr. Rhys! I'll send someone to pick you up immediately!" Hunter smiled in relief. 

As the CEO of the Swinton Group and one of the Mighty Three of Swinton, Hunter acted exceptionally timid in front of Dustin.

"Great, one more done, five to go. I should have enough time," Dustin muttered to himself. His mood was lifted a little by this news.

With a ding, the elevator doors opened. As soon as he stepped out of the building, he saw two familiar figures walking to him. It was Dahlia's mother and brother, Florence Franklin and James Nicholson.

"Mom, ..." Dustin greeted.

"Did you and Dahlia get divorced?" Florence did not waste any breath.

"Yes, we did." Dustin gave her a forced smile. "It's not Dahlia's fault, it's mine. Don't blame her."

However, hearing this, Florence snorted coldly.

"Of course it's your problem. I know my daughter well. If you hadn't done anything wrong, why would she divorce you?"

Dustin was stunned. What was this? Victim blaming?

"Mom, stop wasting time." Suddenly, James stepped forward. "Listen, Rhys. I don't care whether you divorce my sister or not, but you're giving me all the money you got from her."

"Money? What money?" Dustin was flabbergasted.

"Stop feigning ignorance! My sister gave you 8 million dollars as alimony!" James said coldly.

"That's my daughter's money! Give it back!" Florence stretched out her hand in demand.

"I didn't take any money from her," Dustin denied. 

"Do you take us as idiots?" James did not believe him.

"Rhys, you'd better be tactful. Don't make me angry!" Florence warned.

"You can ask Dahlia if you don't believe me." Dustin did not want to explain himself any further.

James dove straight into Dustin's pockets.

Florence followed suit.

"Mom, do you have to do this?" Dustin frowned.

Florence spat on the ground in disgust.

"Who are you calling Mom? Who do you think you are?" As she spoke, she continued searching Dustin's pockets.

After some time, they didn't find what they wanted.

"Did he really not take it?" James said, displeased.

Suddenly, he spied Dustin's crystal necklace and pulled it off roughly.

"Isn't this my sister's necklace? Why is it here? You steal it?" James demanded.

"This is the Rhys family heirloom. Give it back!" Dustin said, expression darkened.

"A family heirloom? Does this mean that this is valuable?" James'eyes lit up. 

"Then it can be your repayment for these three years that you've been living with us. Let's go!" Florence gave her son a look and prepared to leave.

"Stop!" Dustin grabbed James'wrist. "Give me back the necklace!"

Seeing that he had no chance of freeing himself from Dustin, James threw the necklace onto the ground. With a crisp clink, the crystal necklace broke into pieces. Dustin blanched. This was the only thing he had to remember his mother by.

"How dare you lay your hands on me! I'd rather break it than give it back to you!" James said as he rubbed his sore wrist.

Dustin clenched his fists so tightly that his knuckles popped. His eyes were red with anger.

"Screw you!" Outburst, Dustin punched James in the face.

James was punched so hard that he spun back uncontrollably before falling to the ground. He was so dizzy that couldn't stand up.

"Let me teach you manners!" Dustin grabbed him by hair and lifted him. Then, he punched him several times.

James' face soon turned bloody from the punches.

"How dare you hit my son!" Florence screamed as she tried to help her son.

"Get off!" Dustin turned and glared at her. The glare was so intense that Florence froze in her tracks.

Chapter 3

"Get off!"

Those two words were enough to scare Florence motionless. 

When she finally got her wits back, Florence began screaming, "Help! He's murdering my son!" 

Soon, the Quine Group's security guards gathered around them.

"What happened, Mrs. Nicholson?" The head of the security guards recognized Florence and stood at her side immediately.

"Tom! Lock this guy up at once!" Florence yelled.

Just as they were about to act, a voice sounded.

"What do you think you're doing?"

A curvaceous woman in a silver dress barged into the crowd with her bodyguards. With her lips painted a fiery red, she was stunningly beautiful. Every move she made was alluring.

"She's gorgeous!"

The security guards stared at her dumbly. 

"Mr. Rhys, are you okay?"

The woman ignored the looks and headed straight toward Dustin.

"Who are you?"

Dustin narrowed his eyes at her, his anger dissipating.

"Nice to meet you, my name is Natasha Harmon. Mr. Anderson sent me here," the woman said with a smile. 

"Natasha Harmon? Is she the heiress of the Harmon family?"

"Oh, my God! Why is she here?"

Natasha Harmon was a well-known name around the city. She was pretty, influential, and smart. At 22 years old, she had already gained control of the Harmon Group and built her own business empire within five years. 

"Ah, it's you."

Dustin nodded.

He had heard of Natasha before, but he hadn't expected her to be involved with Hunter.

"Mr. Rhys, please wait in the car. I'll deal with this." 

Natasha snapped her fingers. Behind her, her four bodyguards whipped out their batons and advanced toward the crowd. The security guards back off.

"After you, Mr. Rhys."

Seeing that no one else dared to move, Natasha smiled and held out a hand to lead Dustin to the car. Without a word, Dustin picked up the pieces of his necklace and left with Natasha. No one dared to stop him.

"What's wrong? Why did you just let them go?" Florence yelled when she realized what was happening.

None of them dared to lay a finger on Natasha.

The security guards looked at each other, not daring to speak. 

"What happened?"

Dahlia and Lyra came out to see what the commotion was.

"Dahlia! You're here! Look at how badly your brother's been beaten up!"

As soon as Florence saw her, she began to cry, as if she was the one who had been beaten up.

"What happened? Who did this?"

Seeing her brother's wounds, Dahlia's expression became chilly.

"It's that Dustin!" Florence cried. "We met him just now. James picked up a crystal necklace that he dropped and tried to give it back to him, but he tried to turn it around and said that your brother stole it from him. After some argument, he beat up James! My poor James, he just did what he thought was right. What has he done to deserve this?"

She began crying harder.

"Dustin?" Dahlia frowned.

After three years of marriage, she knew Dustin's personality well. He was normally calm and collected and rarely lost his temper. He wouldn't just beat someone up for no reason.

"Look at your brother! Is the truth not clear enough? If you don't believe me, ask the security guards. They saw everything!" Saying this, Florence gave the security guards a look.

"Ms. Nicholson, your mother is right."

The head of security understood his assignment perfectly.

"You hear that? I'm not wronging that person!" He even has a new woman now!"

Hearing this, Dahlia frowned. Could Dustin really do such a thing? Maybe he was furious about the divorce and wanted to exact revenge on her through her brother. If so, then she had to admit that she had misjudged him!

 

Chapter 4

"Mom, take James to the hospital. I'll deal with this."

"What do you think, Lyra?"

Dahlia rubbed her temples. She felt a headache coming on.

"It's obvious, isn't it? It was Dustin who assaulted them first. The security guards were witnesses, so that can't be a lie," Lyra said.

"But my mother's not exactly an honest person…" Dahlia began. She knew her mother and brother well. They were a hot-tempered and ruthless duo.

"Either way, it's still wrong for him to throw the first punch!" Lyra said righteously. 

Dahlia's frown deepened along with her doubts. Lyra was right. It would seem like her decision to divorce him was right.

She took out her phone and called Dustin. At the same time, Dustin was sitting in a silver Bentley and frowned when he saw the call coming in. Despite his reluctance, he still picked up the call.

"Dustin, I need an explanation!" Dahlia demanded. "Are you taking revenge on my family just because I divorced you?"

Hearing this, Dustin was taken aback. He hadn't expected Dahlia to be so aggressive. She hadn't even stopped to listen to what he had to say. After three years of marriage, she was treating him as if he was a mere stranger, or worse.

"Dustin, I'll give you another chance. Go to the hospital right now and apologize to James, and I'll pretend that nothing happened. Otherwise…"

"Otherwise what?" Dustin retorted. "Are you going to call the police on me, or hire someone to take me out?"

"Dustin! Are you really going to throw away my goodwill?" Dahlia snapped.

"Goodwill? Are you sure it's goodwill?"

"You…" Dahlia's retort was cut off as Dustin hung up.

She almost threw out her phone in anger. Dahlia had always been good at hiding her true emotions. It was one of the reasons why she had managed to get to where she was today. But right now, she was having a little trouble in that regard.

"How rude of him." Lyra was about to say more when Dahlia stopped her.

"That's enough of this. I need to work on more important matters, like the charity ball with the Harmon family."

"The charity ball? Has that got anything to do with our partners?"

"That's right. I just received news that the Harmon family has shortlisted the Quine Group. If we do well at this ball, we could be the Harmon family's next partners!"

"That's great! I'll go make the arrangements right now!"

...

After hanging up the call, Dustin arrived at Swinton Primary Hospital. Natasha brought him into a VIP ward, where an old man was laying on the bed, looked dying. Several doctors surrounded him, but none of them looked optimistic.

"Natasha! You're finally here!"

Suddenly, a young woman ran up to them. She was the second daughter of the Harmon family, Ruth Harmon, and the old man on the bed was Andrew Harmon, her grandfather.

"Ms. Harmon, we've already done everything we could." a doctor said helplessly.

"Mr. Rhys will take over." Natasha said coldly.

"Mr. Rhys?"

Dustin looked too young to be a good doctor.

To be frank, she wasn't quite sure about Dustin either, but if Hunter recommended him, then he had to have his merits.

"Could Mr. Anderson have been conned?" Ruth still looked doubtful. "Hey, you, are you really a doctor?"

"I know a little about medicine," Dustin replied.

"Just a little?" Ruth pouted. 

"I won't believe in you unless you can prove to me," Ruth said with her head held high.

"How?" Dustin asked nonchalantly.

"Tell me what ails me. If you're correct, then I'll believe in you!"

"Really? Show me your tongue," Dustin said.

Ruth did as he said.

After a quick look, Dustin said without any hesitation, "Your hormones are imbalanced, so you should be experiencing irregular periods and migraines. You're also showing some signs of food poisoning, which has affected your digestive system. You've been having diarrhea, haven't you? Oh, another thing, you have hemorrhoids…"

The more he spoke, the tenser Ruth became.

 

Chapter 5

"How did you know that?"

Ruth's eyes almost bulged out of her head. Everything from the migraines to diarrhea was spot on. 

"There's a lot you can tell about a person just by looking at them," Dustin said nonchalantly.

"Do you believe him now, Ruth?" Natasha smiled. At the same time, she also heaved a silent sigh of relief. Thank goodness Dustin knew what he was doing.

"He just got lucky!" Ruth refused to admit defeat. 

"I'm sorry, Mr. Rhys. Please ignore her," Natasha told Dustin apologetically.

"It's fine. Shall we begin?"

Dustin didn't take Ruth's attitude to heart. He walked over to Andrew and gave him a thorough check-up. It didn't take long for him to find out what was going on. It was obvious to him that the old man had been poisoned. Thankfully, it was discovered early on, so he could still be saved. 

"Ms. Harmon, can you get me some silver acupuncture needles?" Dustin asked.

"No problem."

Dustin nodded his thanks, then began. His actions were light but firm as his hands flew deftly. With his skill, his patient would not feel any pain from the needles. Seeing this, Natasha was surprised.

"He's good!"

Once all 16 needles were in place, Dustin breathed a sigh of relief. It had been some time since he last performed acupuncture, but thankfully he was still familiar.

"Is that all? Nothing changed!" Ruth looked confused.

"It'll take about two hours to drain the toxin from his body; you shouldn't remove the needles before the two hours are up, or there might be serious side effects!"

Ruth pouted.

"I need to go to the bathroom. Please watch over him while I'm gone," Dustin told the occupants of the room before leaving.

Not long after he left, a group of doctors barged in. These were some of the most skilled doctors in the hospital. A balding man led the troupe.

"I'm Jansen, the executive director of the hospital. I'm here on orders to treat Old Mr. Harmon," the balding man introduced.

"Ah, you're that famous Dr. Jansen! The best doctor in Swinton!" Ruth was ecstatic.

Dr. Jansen said proudly, "yes, I am."

Ruth immediately moved out of his way. Clearly, she trusted Dr. Jansen more than she trusted a youngster like Dustin.

Dr. Jansen nodded. When he got nearer to the bed, he frowned. "What's with the needles? What nonsense is this?"

As he spoke, he made to remove the needles.

"Wait!" Seeing this, Natasha stopped him. "Dr. Jansen, I've already hired another healer. He said that my grandfather has been poisoned. We cannot remove these needles as there might be serious side effects."

"A pack of lies!" Dr. Jansen snorted derisively. "If these needles can cure ailments, then what are doctors for?"

"That's right!" Ruth agreed. "Natasha, that Dustin barely looks a day over 20. How could he be a skilled healer? Please don't tell me you believe what he said."

"Ms. Harmon, all of the best doctors in Swinton are here." Dr. Jansen took the next word. "Please don't believe in these superstitions. It would just make things worse!" 

Their confidence weakened Natasha's resolve. However, she insisted, "We should wait for Mr. Rhys to come back."

"Ms. Harmon, I'm busy. If I pull out these needles and anything happens to Old Mr. Harmon, it'll be on me." With that, Dr. Jansen pulled out all of the needles.

As soon as the needles were removed, something strange happened.

Andrew's body began convulsing. His face began to turn black, and blood gushed out from his nose and mouth. The machines on either side of the bed began beeping.

"What's going on?" Dr. Jansen was surprised by the turn of events.

"What's this, Dr. Jansen?" Natasha frowned.

"That's strange, he was fine earlier…" Dr. Jansen felt uneasy.

"Sir, the patient is coding!"

"Quick, get the machines!"

Without delay, Dr. Jansen began emergency resuscitation. Even after a lot of effort, Andrew did not seem to get better at all. In fact, his stats were declining uncontrollably. Dr. Jansen was panicking.

"Ms. Harmon, I think… I think Old Mr. Harmon is… dying…"

"What?" Both Natasha and Ruth were shocked.

 

Chapter 6

"You liar!" Natasha was livid. She grabbed Dr. Jansen by the collar and yelled, "I told you not to remove the needles! Now that the worst has happened, this is all you have to say?"

"No, this has got nothing to do with me!" Dr. Jansen shook his head fervently. "It must be that other healer. His needles must have caused this to happen!"

GCE 3216 SOLUTION TO PAST QUESTIONS

Course code=GCE 3216

Course title=Teenage counseling

Solution of pass Questions.

Describe clearly who a teenager is, and his characteristics.

A teenager, also known as an adolescent, is an individual who falls within the age range of 13 to 19 years. This stage of development is commonly associated with the transition from childhood to adulthood. Teenagers experience significant physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes as they navigate through this phase of life.

Here are some key characteristics and aspects of teenagers:

1. Physical Development: During adolescence, teenagers undergo significant physical changes, including growth spurts, sexual maturation, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics (such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males). Hormonal changes can lead to increased energy levels and changes in body composition.

2. Cognitive Development: Teenagers experience cognitive growth and the development of abstract thinking abilities. They become more capable of reasoning, problem-solving, and critical thinking. However, their decision-making may still be influenced by emotions and social pressures.

3. Emotional Development: Teenagers often experience intense emotions and mood swings due to hormonal changes and the challenges of identity formation. They may exhibit heightened sensitivity, self-consciousness, and a search for independence and autonomy. Emotional regulation and the development of coping skills are key aspects of their emotional growth.

4. Social Development: Teenagers seek greater independence from their families and form relationships with peers that become increasingly important. They engage in social exploration, establish their identity, and navigate issues such as peer pressure, conformity, and the development of intimate relationships.

5. Educational and Vocational Exploration: Teenagers typically attend secondary school or high school during this period. They may be exploring various academic and career paths, making decisions about future education or vocational choices.

It's important to note that these characteristics and experiences can vary among individuals, as each teenager has their own unique personality, background, and cultural context. Understanding and supporting teenagers during this transitional phase is crucial for their overall well-being and successful transition into adulthood.

Identify relevance of teenager stage to teachers and counselors.

The teenager stage is highly relevant to teachers and counselors due to the significant impact they can have on the development and well-being of adolescents. Here are some key reasons why this stage is important for teachers and counselors:

1. Academic and Career Guidance: Teachers and counselors play a crucial role in guiding teenagers in their academic pursuits and career exploration. They can provide information about different educational paths, help students set goals, and assist in making informed decisions regarding subject choices, college applications, and future career paths.

2. Emotional and Social Support: Teenagers often face various emotional and social challenges during this stage, such as identity formation, peer pressure, and relationship issues. Teachers and counselors can offer a safe and supportive environment where students can discuss their concerns, seek guidance, and develop emotional resilience and coping skills.

3. Mental Health Support: Adolescence is a period when mental health issues may arise or become more pronounced. Teachers and counselors can be instrumental in identifying signs of distress, such as anxiety or depression, and referring students to appropriate mental health resources. They can also promote mental health awareness and create a positive and inclusive school environment that supports students' well-being.

4. Positive Behavior and Conflict Resolution: Teachers and counselors can help teenagers develop appropriate behavior and conflict resolution skills. By providing guidance on communication, empathy, problem-solving, and respectful interactions, they can support students in developing healthy relationships and resolving conflicts in constructive ways.

5. Personal and Social Development: Teachers and counselors can contribute to teenagers' personal and social development by fostering self-esteem, promoting positive values, encouraging participation in extracurricular activities, and facilitating opportunities for leadership and community engagement.

6. Transition to Adulthood: Teachers and counselors can assist teenagers in preparing for the transition to adulthood by providing information and resources on life skills, financial literacy, and personal responsibility. They can help students develop independence, self-advocacy, and decision-making abilities necessary for their future success.

Overall, teachers and counselors have a unique opportunity to positively influence teenagers' academic, social, emotional, and personal growth. Their support and guidance during this critical stage can greatly contribute to teenagers' overall development and help them navigate the challenges and opportunities of adolescence successfully.

Identify major social problems of a teenagers.

Teenagers can face several social problems that can significantly impact their well-being and development. Some major social problems faced by teenagers include:

1. Peer Pressure: Peer pressure is a common social challenge during adolescence. Teenagers may feel pressured to conform to the behaviors, attitudes, and values of their peers, even if they go against their own beliefs or values. This can lead to risky behaviors such as substance abuse, bullying, or engaging in unsafe sexual activities.

2. Bullying: Bullying can have a severe impact on teenagers' mental and emotional health. It involves repeated aggressive behavior, such as physical, verbal, or cyberbullying, that is intended to harm or intimidate an individual. Victims of bullying may experience low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts.

3. Substance Abuse: Teenagers may experiment with drugs, alcohol, or other substances due to factors such as peer influence, curiosity, or escapism. Substance abuse can lead to addiction, impaired cognitive and physical development, academic difficulties, and various health problems.

4. Mental Health Issues: Adolescence can be a vulnerable period for the development of mental health issues such as depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and self-harm. Factors such as academic stress, social pressures, hormonal changes, and genetic predispositions can contribute to the onset of these conditions.

5. Sexual Health and Teenage Pregnancy: Teenagers may face challenges related to sexual health, including early sexual activity, lack of comprehensive sex education, and the risk of unintended pregnancies. Teenage pregnancy can have long-lasting consequences for both the teenage parent and the child.

6. Social Media and Online Harassment: The rise of social media platforms has introduced new challenges for teenagers. They may face cyberbullying, online harassment, privacy concerns, and the pressure to present an idealized self-image on social media platforms, leading to negative effects on their self-esteem and mental well-being.

7. Academic Pressure: Teenagers often experience significant academic pressure, including high expectations from parents, competition, and the stress of standardized tests. Excessive academic pressure can result in anxiety, burnout, and a negative impact on mental health.

It's important to note that these social problems are interconnected, and addressing them requires a holistic approach involving parents, schools, communities, and support services. Providing a supportive and inclusive environment, promoting mental health awareness, fostering healthy relationships, and offering comprehensive education and resources can help mitigate these social problems and support the well-being of teenagers.

List five behavior problems commonly found among teenagers.

There are several behavior problems that can be commonly found among teenagers. Here are five examples:

1. Substance Abuse: Teenagers may engage in substance abuse, including alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs. Experimentation with substances can lead to addiction, impaired judgment, academic problems, health issues, and risky behaviors.

2. Risky Sexual Behavior: Some teenagers may engage in risky sexual behaviors, such as unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, or engaging in sexual activities without proper knowledge and precautions. This can increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies.

3. Aggressive Behavior: Aggressive behavior can manifest in various forms among teenagers, including physical aggression, verbal aggression, bullying, or fighting. It is essential to address and manage aggression to prevent harm to themselves or others.

4. Disruptive Behavior: Disruptive behavior includes actions that disrupt the learning environment, such as being consistently disobedient, disrespectful towards authority figures, or causing disturbances in school or social settings. This behavior can negatively impact academic performance and relationships with peers and teachers.

5. Delinquency: Some teenagers may engage in delinquent behaviors, such as theft, vandalism, truancy, or involvement in gangs. These behaviors can lead to legal consequences and have long-lasting negative effects on their future prospects.

It's important to note that behaviors can vary among individuals, and not all teenagers will exhibit these specific problems. Understanding the underlying causes, providing appropriate support, and addressing these behavior problems through interventions, counseling, and education can help teenagers navigate these challenges and make positive changes.

Discuss the counseling resolution aggression and juvenile delinquency to the teenagers.

When addressing aggression and juvenile delinquency among teenagers, counseling can play a crucial role in providing guidance, support, and strategies for positive behavioral change. Here are some approaches that counselors may use to resolve these issues:

1. Assessment and Understanding: Counselors first assess the individual's background, experiences, and underlying factors contributing to their aggression or delinquent behavior. This includes exploring family dynamics, peer influences, social environment, and any underlying mental health issues. Understanding these factors helps tailor the counseling approach to meet the teenager's specific needs.

2. Anger Management and Emotional Regulation: Counselors work with teenagers to develop healthy strategies for managing anger, frustration, and other intense emotions. This involves teaching skills such as recognizing triggers, practicing relaxation techniques, problem-solving, and effective communication. By enhancing emotional regulation skills, teenagers can learn to express their emotions in healthier and non-aggressive ways.

3. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT focuses on identifying and challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs that contribute to aggressive or delinquent behavior. Counselors help teenagers develop more positive and adaptive thinking patterns and teach them skills to make better decisions, solve problems, and consider the consequences of their actions.

4. Social Skills Training: Many teenagers who exhibit aggression or engage in delinquent behavior may struggle with appropriate social skills. Counselors can provide training in areas such as empathy, active listening, conflict resolution, and assertiveness. These skills help teenagers build healthier relationships, manage peer pressure, and respond to social situations in a constructive manner.

5. Family Involvement and Support: Family dynamics and relationships significantly impact a teenager's behavior. Counselors may involve the teenager's family in counseling sessions to address any family issues, improve communication, and promote a supportive and nurturing home environment. Involving parents or guardians helps ensure consistency in implementing strategies and reinforces positive behavior change.

6. Restorative Justice Approaches: Restorative justice focuses on repairing harm caused by delinquent behavior and promoting accountability. Counselors can help teenagers understand the consequences of their actions, develop empathy for others, and actively participate in the restoration process. This may involve facilitating dialogue, mediation, or community service to make amends.

7. Referrals and Collaborations: In more complex cases, counselors may collaborate with other professionals such as psychologists, psychiatrists, or social workers to address underlying mental health issues or provide additional support services.

It is important to note that counseling resolution requires an individualized and comprehensive approach, considering the unique circumstances and needs of each teenager. By providing a safe and non-judgmental space, counselors can help teenagers develop self-awareness, coping skills, and a sense of responsibility, ultimately guiding them towards positive behavior change and reducing the risk of further aggression or delinquent behavior.

Discuss briefly on each of these major psychological needs of teenagers, need for affection, need for independence, need for security, need for social status, and need for Egor or integrative need.

Certainly! Here is a brief discussion on each of the major psychological needs of teenagers:

1. Need for Affection: The need for affection refers to the desire for emotional warmth, love, and connection with others. Teenagers require affection from family members, friends, and romantic partners to feel valued, supported, and understood. Affectionate relationships contribute to their emotional well-being, self-esteem, and the development of healthy attachments.

2. Need for Independence: The need for independence is a strong drive among teenagers as they strive to establish their individuality and autonomy. It involves a desire for freedom, making decisions, and taking responsibility for their own lives. Teenagers require opportunities to explore their interests, develop personal values, and assert their independence while still having appropriate guidance and support from adults.

3. Need for Security: The need for security refers to teenagers' need for stability, safety, and predictability in their lives. This includes physical safety, emotional security, and a sense of stability within their families, schools, and communities. When their basic needs for security are met, teenagers can better focus on their personal growth, learning, and relationships.

4. Need for Social Status: The need for social status relates to teenagers' desire for recognition, acceptance, and their position within their peer groups or society. During adolescence, there is often an increased awareness of social hierarchies and a desire to be accepted and respected by peers. Achieving a positive social status can influence their self-esteem and social interactions.

5. Need for Ego or Integrative Need: The need for ego, also known as the integrative need, refers to the desire for a cohesive and coherent sense of self. Teenagers strive to develop a clear identity that integrates their values, beliefs, interests, and experiences. They seek to understand who they are, what they stand for, and their place in the world. Meeting this need involves self-reflection, exploration, and the ability to reconcile different aspects of their identity.

Understanding and addressing these psychological needs is essential for supporting teenagers' overall well-being and development. By recognizing and fulfilling these needs, parents, educators, and communities can provide the necessary support and guidance to help teenagers navigate the challenges of adolescence and promote their healthy growth and transition into adulthood.

Define truancy and discuss the causes of truancy in teenagers.

Truancy refers to the act of intentionally and regularly missing school without a valid excuse. It involves the absence of a student from school or classes without the knowledge or permission of parents or guardians and without legitimate reasons recognized by the school.

Several factors can contribute to truancy among teenagers. Here are some common causes:

1. Disengagement and Lack of Interest: Students who find school uninteresting or irrelevant to their lives may be more prone to truancy. Boredom in the classroom, difficulty understanding the material, or feeling disconnected from the educational environment can lead to a lack of motivation to attend school regularly.

2. Academic Difficulties: Struggling academically can be a significant factor in truancy. Students who face challenges in understanding the coursework or keeping up with their peers may develop a negative attitude towards school and exhibit avoidance behaviors.

3. Bullying and Peer Pressure: Being a victim of bullying or experiencing peer pressure can lead to truancy. Students may skip school to avoid confrontations, harassment, or the negative social dynamics they encounter. They may fear going to school and face anxiety or depression related to their interactions with peers.

4. Family Issues and Dysfunction: Home-related factors can contribute to truancy. Unsupportive family environments, domestic conflicts, unstable living conditions, or parental neglect can negatively impact a teenager's motivation and willingness to attend school regularly.

5. Mental Health Challenges: Teenagers experiencing mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety disorders, or substance abuse problems, may be more prone to truancy. Emotional struggles can make it difficult for them to cope with the demands of school and maintain regular attendance.

6. Lack of Supervision and Structure: Absences from school can occur when there is a lack of proper supervision or structure at home. If parents or guardians are not actively involved in monitoring their child's attendance or providing appropriate boundaries, teenagers may exploit the situation and skip school.

7. Personal Factors and External Influences: Personal circumstances, such as a part-time job, involvement in illegal activities, or the influence of delinquent peers, can contribute to truancy. These external factors may pull teenagers away from their educational responsibilities and towards other activities or behaviors.

Addressing truancy requires a comprehensive approach that involves collaboration between schools, parents, and support services. Strategies can include improving school engagement and relevance, providing academic support and interventions, implementing anti-bullying programs, promoting mental health awareness, and establishing clear expectations and consequences for attendance. Additionally, identifying and addressing the underlying causes of truancy through counseling, family support, and community resources can help reduce its occurrence and support the educational success of teenagers.

What are the treatment and counseling implication of truancy.

When addressing truancy, treatment and counseling implications are essential for understanding the underlying causes and implementing effective interventions. Here are some treatment and counseling implications for truancy:

1. Individual Counseling: Individual counseling provides a safe and supportive space for the student to explore their motivations, attitudes, and behaviors related to truancy. A counselor can help the student identify the underlying factors contributing to their truancy and develop strategies for overcoming barriers to attendance. This may involve addressing academic challenges, building resilience, improving self-esteem, and enhancing coping skills.

2. Family Involvement: Engaging parents or guardians in the counseling process is crucial to address family dynamics and support the student's attendance. Family counseling can help improve communication, resolve conflicts, strengthen the parent-child relationship, and establish a home environment that values education. Collaborating with parents in setting expectations, enforcing consequences, and reinforcing positive attendance behaviors can significantly impact a student's truancy.

3. School-Based Interventions: Schools play a vital role in addressing truancy. Counseling interventions within the school setting can include individual or group counseling sessions, mentoring programs, and academic support tailored to the student's needs. School counselors can work closely with teachers, administrators, and other school staff to develop strategies for early intervention, monitoring attendance, and providing targeted support to students at risk of truancy.

4. Academic Support and Remediation: Truancy is often associated with academic difficulties. Providing academic support, such as tutoring, study skills training, and individualized education plans, can help students catch up on missed coursework and succeed academically. This support can alleviate feelings of frustration and increase motivation to attend school regularly.

5. Behavior Modification Techniques: Behavior modification techniques can be employed to reinforce positive attendance behaviors. This may involve utilizing rewards and incentives for consistent attendance, setting achievable attendance goals, and utilizing strategies such as token economies or point systems to track and reward attendance improvements.

6. Collaboration with Community Resources: Collaboration with community resources, such as social workers, mental health professionals, and probation officers, can provide additional support to address the underlying issues contributing to truancy. These resources can assist with addressing family issues, mental health concerns, substance abuse problems, or legal and juvenile justice system involvement.

7. Prevention and Education: Prevention programs and educational initiatives focused on highlighting the importance of regular school attendance can be implemented at both the school and community levels. These programs can raise awareness about truancy, educate students and parents about its consequences, and promote strategies for improving attendance and engagement.

It's important to take a holistic approach to truancy, addressing the underlying causes and providing comprehensive support to the student, family, and school community. By combining individualized counseling, academic support, family involvement, and collaboration with relevant resources, treatment and counseling interventions can effectively reduce truancy and support the student's academic and personal success.

NDLEA Shortlist 2023 Out | Download PDF NDLEA List of Shortlisted Candidates 2023

Successful Applicants for the NDLEA 2023 Training: Find Your Name

This article announces the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency’s (NDLEA) successful applicants for 2023 Narcotic Officer and Narcotic Assistant trainings. Congratulations to all who have made it. Let’s get you ready for training camp.

ndlea shortlist

Table of Contents

The Announcement

Training Venues for NDLEA Recruitment

Reporting to NDLEA Camping

NDLEA Camping: What to Bring Along

In Conclusion

The Announcement

The NDLEA has released the list of those who made it in the 2023 recruitment for Narcotic Officer and Narcotic Assistant trainings.

If you applied, this is the time to see if your name is on the list.

Training Venues for NDLEA Recruitment

Narcotic Officer Basic (Cadet) Training: The training will happen at the NDLEA Academy in Kotton Rikus, Jos Plateau State.

Narcotic Agent/Assistant (Trainees) Training: The training will take place at the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) College of Peace and Disaster Management, KM 4 Babbar-Ruga Batsari Road, Katsina State.

All the selected candidates must go to their assigned training centers on the dates given to their groups.

Reporting to NDLEA Camping

The NDLEA has arranged the selected candidates into groups. They have posted the list on the agency’s website at www.ndlea.gov.ng. The candidates must come for training in the order of the groups.

How to Check Your Name

Click here to check if your name is on the list.

NDLEA Camping: What to Bring Along

Here’s a checklist of things you need to bring along when reporting to NDLEA training camp:

REQUIRED ITEM	QUANTITY
Original and photocopy of credentials (including NIN and NDLEA application slip)	1 set
Colour passport photograph (no hat/cap)	4
Writing materials (pen, pencil, ruler, notebooks, file jackets)	As needed
White round neck vests	3
Navy-blue shorts (no stripes)	3
White and black socks	2 pairs each
Black canvas trainers (no rubber)	2 pairs
White bed sheets and pillow cases	2 each
Black trousers and white long sleeve shirts	2 each
Blanket (grey or army green)	1
National dress or suit, casual wears with shoes	2 pairs each
Bucket, cutlasses, brooms	To be bought on arrival
Pocket money and toiletries	As needed
Mosquito net	1

Note: All successful candidates must report by 6 pm on Wednesday, August 2, 2023, for Superintendent Cadre, and by Friday, August 18, 2023, for Narcotic Assistant Cadre. Failure to do so will lead to disqualification.

Female candidates who are pregnant are not allowed to join the training. Drug Integrity Tests and pregnancy tests (for female candidates) will be conducted at various times during the training. Candidates who test positive will be immediately removed from training.

In Conclusion

Congratulations once again to all successful applicants! We wish you all the best as you embark on this important journey in the fight against drug abuse in Nigeria. Remember to prepare well and adhere strictly to the NDLEA’s instructions and guidelines.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

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As we all know Computer is an electronic device that accept data as input process the data through a set of installed instructions and give the result as output. 

For everyday there is improvement in technology because lots added to what we already know, therefore there is every need for us to keep ourselves updated on the latest things. Now Artificial intelligence applications are all around us, but what does it really mean?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to replicate or enhance human intellect, such as reasoning and learning from experience. Artificial intelligence has been used in computer programs for years, but it is now applied to many other products and services. 

For example, some digital cameras can determine what objects are present in an image using artificial intelligence software.

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Artificial intelligence (AI), also known as machine intelligence, is a branch of computer science that focuses on building and managing technology that can learn to autonomously make decisions and carry out actions on behalf of a human being.

AI is not a single technology. Instead, it is an umbrella term that includes any type of software or hardware component that supports machine learning, computer vision, natural language understanding, natural language generation, natural language processing and robotics.

Today’s AI uses conventional CMOS hardware and the same basic algorithmic functions that drive traditional software. Future generations of AI are expected to inspire new types of brain-inspired circuits and architectures that can make data-driven decisions faster and more accurately than a human being can.

AI Use Cases in Business

AI is currently being applied to a range of functions both in the lab and in commercial/consumer settings, including the following technologies:

Speech Recognition allows an intelligent system to convert human speech into text or code.

Natural Language Generation enables conversational interaction between humans and computers.

Computer Vision allows a machine to scan an image and use comparative analysis to identify objects in the image.

Machine learning focuses on building algorithmic models that can identify patterns and relationships in data.

Expert systems gain knowledge about a specific subject and can solve problems as accurately as a human expert on this subject.

At its heart, AI uses the same basic algorithmic functions that drive traditional software, but applies them in a different way. Perhaps the most revolutionary aspect of AI is that it allows software to rewrite itself as it adapts to its environment. 

LIFE COPING SKILLS AND ASSERTIVE SKILLS

Introduction

 Coping Skills is the ability to deal with difficult situations: basically, to manage whatever the world throws at you. Coping skills are the skills that you use to achieve this. It is, therefore, possible to describe a wide range of skills and activities as coping skills. It is also clear that some activities and coping skills may be healthier than others.

Defining Coping Skills

Psychologists define coping skills or coping mechanisms as the conscious thoughts and behaviours used to deal with stressful situations.

“Life Coping skills are things that we can do in-the-moment, when we are feeling lousy, to help us turn down the volume of our emotions and avoid getting overwhelmed.

Coping skills are, therefore, very different from the basic fight or flight responses, which are generally subconscious and instinctive. Coping skills are developed or learned over time, from when we are very small children.

There are four main types of coping mechanisms (see box).

Four types of coping mechanism

Psychologists have defined four types of coping skills or mechanisms:

Problem-focused mechanisms deal with the problem and aim to change it. For example, if you are in a stressful situation at work, problem-focused mechanisms would include looking for a new job or talking to your boss about how to change your situation. In a relationship, you might talk to your partner about the problem, or decide that the only way to address your unhappiness is to split up.

Emotion-focused mechanisms enable you to deal with the emotions caused by the situation. This approach is useful when you either cant or dont want to change the situation, or simply need to calm down before you can deal with it further. These mechanisms include activities like taking exercise, having a hot bath, doing your hobby, positive self-talk, or practising mindfulness. You can also try other relaxation techniques.

Meaning-focused mechanisms are strategies used to understand and derive a meaning from the situation. Examples include seeing the benefits of your situation, for example, what you are learning from it. These are very useful for some people, but others find them much less effective.

Social mechanisms involve asking for help from individuals or the community more widely. They might include, for example, talking to a friend, or seeking professional help.

In any given situation, individuals may choose strategies from one or more of these types.

Your choice of strategy will probably depend on both you and the situation. What you decide is appropriate in one case may not be useful at another time. You may also find that you want to use an emotion-focused mechanism first, to help you calm down, and then move to a problem-focused mechanism to help you to address the problem.

There is also some overlap between the types of mechanism. For example, asking for help could be defined as both a social mechanism and a problem-focused mechanism.

The key with all coping skills is to find what works for you in particular situations.

Reactive and Proactive Coping Skills

Coping skills can be both reactive and proactive.

Reactive coping skills are those that help you to respond to the stress or situation in the moment.

Proactive coping skills help you to avoid meeting the stress or situation in the first place.

There is some evidence that people who prefer to use reactive coping skills are better able to deal with changing situations, and those who develop proactive coping skills prefer calm, settled situations. Generally, proactive coping skills such as planning for change are useful when you are facing predictable situations. When the situation is fast-changing and unpredictable, you need reactive mechanisms.

Healthy and Unhealthy Coping Skills

Coping skills can also be both healthy and unhealthy.

Generally speaking, healthy coping skills are defined as those that help you to either reduce your emotional distress, or deal with the problem. They may be mechanisms that soothe you in some way, or temporarily distract you.

Unhealthy coping skills, by contrast, are those that may help in the short term, but tend to store up problems for the future.

They include:

Drinking or using drugs as a way to numb your feelings. It is painful, but better to work your way through your emotions than use stimulants to avoid them.

Overeating: Comfort eating may seem like a good idea at the time, but becoming overweight is not a solution to anything.

Venting to others: Discussing your painful feelings over and over again may seem to help, but there is considerable evidence that you can get stuck. Sometimes bottling things up can actually be healthierand there is certainly a time to move on.

Avoiding the situation. Distracting yourself is a healthy coping strategybut only for a short time. Continuing to avoid or ignore a problem or stressful situation is not healthy. It is far better to address it.

In children in particular, signs of being unable to cope, or developing unhealthy coping mechanism may include behaviour such as tantrums or, later on, antisocial behaviour. Children are often unable to express their emotions in words and use behaviour instead.

Developing Healthy Coping Skills

There are many ways that you can develop healthy coping skills. These include:

1. Take time to develop some emotion-focused strategies to calm yourself

You will probably find that you have a preference for one strategy or another, especially in certain circumstances. However, it is useful to have a range of skills available. For example:

Spend time developing your ability to live in the moment and appreciate the here and now through mindfulness. Mindfulness techniques can be helpful when you want to avoid worrying about the past or future and simply concentrate on the present.

Learn to manage your inner dialogue so that, at times of stress, it will be positive rather than negative. Depending on where you are starting, it may take some time to start to develop a more positive inner dialogue.

2. Develop the skill of asking for help

This can be one of the most difficult skills to master, and many people never manage it.

Our page on Transactional Analysis gives some ideas about how you can reach out on an Adult to Adult level. This will make this process easier and avoid you feeling like a child asking a parent for help. You may also find our page on asking for help useful.

3. Develop healthy behaviours to give you a head start on dealing with stress. It is a fact that stress is easier to manage if you are mentally and physically healthy.

It is therefore worth developing healthy behaviours such as exercising regularly, and eating a balanced diet. These approaches will set you up for managing and coping more effectively, and help you avoid unhealthy coping behaviours like overeating.

4. Learn to say no, and be more assertive about boundaries between work and home. One way to cope with stress is not to allow yourself to be driven or led into stressful situations. It is not always possible to avoid stress entirelyand nor is that entirely desirable.

However, being able to say no assertively will help you to maintain boundaries and avoid becoming overloaded.

5. Evaluate your coping mechanisms to assess whether they are healthy

Finally, it is a good idea to take time to assess the mechanisms that you use to cope, just to make sure that they are healthy. Useful questions for this assessment include:

Will this enable me to process what is happening and my feelings?

Ultimately, you need your coping strategies to enable you to support this processing, to work through the problem or situation.

Will this help me to deal with the situation, or am I just avoiding it?

Remember that it is fine to avoid a situation for a while, until you have regulated your emotionsbut ultimately, you need to be able to deal with it, and your coping mechanism must support that.

Will this activity avoid or create stress for me or for other people? If you are creating stress for you or others, this will ultimately make the situation worse.

Will this put me or others at risk of any harm? Again, you should not put yourself or others at risk of harm. You may need to be honest with yourself about this, especially if you are tempted by behaviours like substance use.

Can I afford this? So-called retail therapy, for example, can be fun and distracting at the right moment. However, it ceases to be much fun if you go into debt over it, or if you start skipping work or school to go shopping and get into trouble.

Developing Skills -If we want to cope up with the world, we need to develop some skills. Skills like linguistic, managerial, technical, etc. Therefore, to achieve these skills we need to work hard and polish our hidden skills.

Be Happy:  We should be happy all the time. It helps to spread positive vibes. Happiness is the life force; it makes us tick. We must be happy at any cost. Thought the road is uneven we must count on our blessings.

Cultivate Emotional Intelligence- We always talk about IQ to progress in life but ignore EQ  EQ is important to survive. If we are open to new ideas, able to face emotional sabotage, stay emotionally controlled no matter what the situation be, we can foster courage and cope up and achieve great results.

Take Risks:  When we want to turn the gear of our lives for better outcomes. We must not be afraid to take risks. Risk-taking will make you bold and smart.

Make Learning an Ongoing Process- We should always have the zeal to learn new things. This will enhance our skills and knowledge.

Avoid Negative People:  There are negative people all around. So, we should stay away from them. This will help us coping up and becoming watchful

Try to Be Hopeful:  If we are hopeful and have a positive attitude, we can get whatever we wish. We must strive hard to fulfil our goals. Hope can make fulfil incredible dreams.

Develop Trust: We must dry to develop trust among family and friends and others. When we have trust among people our life becomes easier.

Build Up Confidence: Try to be cool and confident. If we have the key to confidence, we can unlock all doors and soar high in life.

Become Self-Motivated: Try to nurture motivation within. Dont wait for anyone to lift you. You lone can lighten the path.

Seek Help  When you need help from someone dont hesitate. Take help from your friends, colleagues to resolve issues.

Dont Be Revengeful  Dont let the animosity ruin you. It will only fill your heart with bitterness and harm you in turn. Instead try to, forgive others, it will cleanse our hearts.

Dont Feel Embarrassed:  At times you may feel embarrassed if you come across an awkward situation. Dont take it to the heart and move with courage.

Cultivate Good Habits  If you follow healthy habits and lead a balanced life you can always cope up in life.

Be Patient  Patience can help us to overcome any hurdle in life. If we are patient, we can adopt the best coping strategy.

Be the samein success or failure:  Getting too excited in successful events and breaking down in failures can weaken us. If we keep calm during trying times and achieving moments, we can adopt the best coping strategy and it will help us in inner growth.

Be Fearless:  It is very important to be fearless because it will help us to remove obstacles and confront problems.

Be Adaptable  It is said that survival of the fittest. So we must be adaptable to new surroundings and situations.

The above coping strategies will help us to succeed over others and become a winner.

ASSERTIVE SKILLS

Assertiveness is the quality of being self-assured and confident without being aggressive to defend a right point of view or a relevant statement. 

What are assertiveness skills?

Assertiveness skills are communication strategies that allow you to convey information and ideas in an open and direct way while maintaining respect for the people to whom you're speaking.

Assertiveness allows you to explain your claims and decisions in a calm and confident manner. Assertive communication is ideal for many workplace communications because it can help team members resolve issues and create a more positive work environment.

Examples of assertiveness skills

When you're being assertive, you may be able to convey messages or ideas successfully. 

Here are some examples of assertiveness skills:

Respect

It's important to be respectful when you're asserting yourself. This means sharing your thoughts and feelings while showing consideration for others. You can offer respect by listening patiently to others' opinions, carefully considering their viewpoints and recognizing the validity of their thoughts, even when they're different from your own.

Honesty

Assertive communication is open and honest, meaning you readily answer questions, offer all relevant information and provide supporting details as requested. This may involve sharing your research with others on your team or offering your opinions when asked.

This also means providing your thoughts when it's appropriate. Honesty and integrity are necessary for direct and accurate communication in the workplace.

Accountability

Being assertive may involve defending your own rights and the rights of others. This can also mean taking personal responsibility for your actions and staying accountable for what you've said or done. For instance, you may tell others when a workplace error results from your miscalculations, then lead the team's efforts to remedy the issue.

Self-control

Self-control allows you to maintain assertiveness in a calm and respectful way. Having self-control can help you communicate your thoughts while remaining aware of other people's feelings and reactions. When confronted with an unhappy client, for example, self-control can enable you to respond patiently and politely so that you can resolve the issue in the best way possible.

How to improve assertiveness skills

Assertiveness skills can equip employees to communicate clearly and maintain positive professional relationships with those around them. Here are some steps you can take to develop your assertiveness skills:

1. Assess your personal communication style

To improve your assertiveness, start by assessing your current style of communication. Consider whether you express yourself openly at work and whether you offer and accept feedback often. Recognizing opportunities for improvement can help you determine where or when to practice being more assertive.

2. Practice your delivery

It's helpful to practice important communications ahead of time with a friend or coworker to make sure your message is both direct and respectful. You can ask for feedback to improve your delivery for future interactions. Practicing common interactions may prepare you to respond effectively when you face them at work.

3. Share your thoughts

It's important to provide your opinions and ideas openly so you're contributing to workplace discussions. When you have a thought or proposal that you believe could be useful, consider sharing it with your coworkers or managers. This can help you develop the confidence to share your viewpoint more regularly

4. Maintain control of your emotions

Try to stay calm during confrontations by practicing even breathing and keeping your voice steady. You can also implement stress management techniques outside of work, such as regular workouts, meditation or journaling, to help you maintain a peaceful demeanor. Controlling your emotions can lead to more productive conversations in which everyone can share their ideas freely.

Passive, Aggressive and Assertive

Assertiveness is often seen as the balance point between passive and aggressive behaviour, but its probably easier to think of the three as points of a triangle.

Being Assertive

Being assertive involves taking into consideration your own and other peoples rights, wishes, wants, needs and desires.

Assertiveness means encouraging others to be open and honest about their views, wishes and feelings, so that both parties act appropriately.

Assertive behaviour includes:

Being open in expressing wishes, thoughts and feelings and encouraging others to do likewise. 

Listening to the views of others and responding appropriately, whether in agreement with those views or not. See our page on Active Listening.

Accepting responsibilities and being able to delegate to others. See our page on Delegation Skills for more.

Regularly expressing appreciation of others for what they have done or are doing. See our page on Gratitude and Being Grateful.

Being able to admit to mistakes and apologise.

Maintaining self-control. See our page on Self-Control for more.

Behaving as an equal to others. 

Some people may struggle to behave assertively for a number of reasons, and find that they behave either aggressively or passively instead.

Being Passive

Responding in a passive or non-assertive way tends to mean compliance with the wishes of others and can undermine individual rights and self-confidence.

Many people adopt a passive response because they have a strong need to be liked by others. Such people do not regard themselves as equals because they place greater weight on the rights, wishes and feelings of others. Being passive results in failure to communicate thoughts or feelings and results in people doing things they really do not want to do in the hope that they might please others. This also means that they allow others to take responsibility, to lead and make decisions for them.

Being Aggressive

By being aggressive towards someone else, their rights and self-esteem are undermined.

Aggressive behaviour fails to consider the views or feelings of other individuals. Those behaving aggressively will rarely show praise or appreciation of others and an aggressive response tends to put others down. Aggressive responses encourage the other person to respond in a non-assertive way, either aggressively or passively.

There is a wide range of aggressive behaviours, including rushing someone unnecessarily, telling rather than asking, ignoring someone, or not considering another's feelings.

Good interpersonal skills mean you need to be aware of the different ways of communicating and the different response each approach might provoke.  The use of either passive or aggressive behaviour in interpersonal relationships can have undesirable consequences for those you are communicating with and it may well hinder positive moves forward.

Conclusion

Developing healthy coping skills is very much a matter of right time, right place.

It is worth experimenting with a wide range of techniques and approaches, so that when the time comes, you have the right technique in your toolbox.

On the other hand, Being assertive involves taking into consideration your own and other peoples rights, wishes, wants, needs and desires.

Some people may struggle to behave assertively for a number of reasons, and find that they behave either aggressively or passively instead.

REFERENCE:

https://www.verywellmind.com/forty-healthy-coping-skills-   4586742

https://www.infinitemindcare.com/single-post/2016/12/18/A-List-of-Coping-Skills-for-Anger-Anxiety-and-Depression.

 https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/assertiveness.html

SEXUALITY AND MENTAL COUNSELING

SEXUALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH

Introduction: 

Sexuality is not about who you have sex with, or how often you have it. 

Sexuality is about your sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions and behaviours towards other people. You can find other people physically, sexually or emotionally attractive, and all those things are a part of your sexuality.

Sexuality is diverse and personal, and it is an important part of who you are. Discovering your sexuality can be a very liberating, exciting and positive experience.

Some people experience discrimination due to their sexuality. If someone gives you a hard time about your sexuality, its good to talk to someone about it.

Different types of sexuality

Sometimes, it can take time to figure out the sexuality that fits you best. And your sexuality can change over time. It can be confusing; so dont worry if you are unsure.

You might be drawn to men or to women, to both or to neither. There is no right or wrong  its about whats right for you. And while there are common terms to describe different types of sexuality, you dont have to adopt a label to describe yourself.

Heterosexual and homosexual

Most people are attracted to the opposite sex  boys who like girls, and women who like men, for example. These people are heterosexual, or straight.

Some people are attracted to the same sex. These people are homosexual. Around 10 per cent of young Australians experience same-sex attraction, most during puberty.

Lesbian is the common term for people who identify as women and are same-sex attracted. Gay is the most common term for people who identify as men and are same-sex attracted, although women identifying as lesbian also sometimes use this word.

The Better Health Channel has more information on lesbian sexuality and gay male sexuality.

Bisexual

Sexuality can be more complicated than being straight or gay. Some people are attracted to both men and women, and are known as bisexual.

Bisexual does not mean the attraction is evenly weighted  a person may have stronger feelings for one gender than another. And this can vary depending on who they meet.

There are different kinds of bisexuality. Some people who are attracted to men and women still consider themselves to be mainly straight or gay. Or they might have sexual feelings towards both genders but only have intercourse with one.

Other people see sexual attraction as more grey than black and white. These people find everyday labels too rigid. Some prefer to identify as queer. And others use the term pan, or pansexual, to show they are attracted to different kinds of people no matter what their gender, identity or expression.

There are many differences between individuals, so bisexuality is a general term only. You can read more about it at the Better Health Channels page on bisexuality.

Asexual

A person who identifies as asexual (ace for short) is someone who does not experience, or experiences very little, sexual attraction. Asexuality is not a choice, like abstinence (where someone chooses not to have sex with anyone, whether they are attracted to them or not). Asexuality is a sexual orientation, like homosexuality or heterosexuality. Some people may strongly identify with being asexual, except for a few infrequent experiences of sexual attraction (grey-asexuality). Some people feel sexual attraction only after they develop a strong emotional bond with someone (this is known as demisexuality). Other people experience asexuality in a range of other ways.

Discrimination based on sexuality

Equality and freedom from discrimination are fundamental human rights that belong to all people.

In most states in Australia, including Victoria, it is against the law to discriminate against someone because of their sexual orientation, gender identity or lawful sexual activity. However, discrimination can still occur.

If you think you have been discriminated against or victimised because of your sexuality (or a range of other reasons) contact the Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission. For information on the legal obligations of employers regarding discrimination based on sexual identity, see the Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission webpage on equal opportunity practice guidelines.

MENTAL HEALTH

Concepts in mental health

Mental health is a state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn well and work well, and contribute to their community. It is an integral component of health and well-being that   underpins our individual and collective abilities to make decisions, build relationships and shape the world we live in. Mental health is a basic human right. And it is crucial to personal, community and socio-economic development.

Mental health is more than the absence of mental disorders. It exists on a complex continuum, which is experienced differently from one person to the next, with varying degrees of difficulty and distress and potentially very different social and clinical outcomes.

Mental health conditions include mental disorders and psychosocial disabilities as well as other mental states associated with significant distress, impairment in functioning, or risk of self-harm. People with mental health conditions are more likely to experience lower levels of mental well-being, but this is not always or necessarily the case.

Determinants of mental health

Throughout our lives, multiple individual, social and structural determinants may combine to protect or undermine our mental health and shift our position on the mental health continuum.

Individual psychological and biological factors such as emotional skills, substance use and genetics can make people more vulnerable to mental health problems.

Exposure to unfavourable social, economic, geopolitical and environmental circumstances  including poverty, violence, inequality and environmental deprivation  also increases peoples risk of experiencing mental health conditions.

Risks can manifest themselves at all stages of life, but those that occur during developmentally sensitive periods, especially early childhood, are particularly detrimental. For example, harsh parenting and physical punishment is known to undermine child health and bullying is a leading risk factor for mental health conditions.

Protective factors similarly occur throughout our lives and serve to strengthen resilience. They include our individual social and emotional skills and attributes as well as positive social interactions, quality education, decent work, safe neighbourhoods and community cohesion, among others.

Mental health risks and protective factors can be found in society at different scales. Local threats heighten risk for individuals, families and communities. Global threats heighten risk for whole populations and include economic downturns, disease outbreaks, humanitarian emergencies and forced displacement and the growing climate crisis.

Each single risk and protective factor has only limited predictive strength. Most people do not develop a mental health condition despite exposure to a risk factor and many people with no known risk factor still develop a mental health condition. Nonetheless, the interacting determinants of mental health serve to enhance or undermine mental health.

Mental health promotion and prevention

Promotion and prevention interventions work by identifying the individual, social and structural determinants of mental health, and then intervening to reduce risks, build resilience and establish supportive environments for mental health. Interventions can be designed for individuals, specific groups or whole populations.

Reshaping the determinants of mental health often requires action beyond the health sector and so promotion and prevention programmes should involve the education, labour, justice, transport, environment, housing, and welfare sectors. The health sector can contribute significantly by embedding promotion and prevention efforts within health services; and by advocating, initiating and, where appropriate, facilitating multisectoral collaboration and coordination.

Suicide prevention is a global priority and included in the Sustainable Development Goals. Much progress can be achieved by limiting access to means, responsible media reporting, social and emotional learning for adolescents and early intervention. Banning highly hazardous pesticides is a particularly inexpensive and costeffective intervention for reducing suicide rates.

Promoting child and adolescent mental health is another priority and can be achieved by policies and laws that promote and protect mental health, supporting caregivers to provide nurturing care, implementing school-based programmes and improving the quality of community and online environments. School-based social and emotional learning programmes are among the most effective promotion strategies for countries at all income levels.

Promoting and protecting mental health at work is a growing area of interest and can be supported through legislation and regulation, organizational strategies, manager training and interventions for workers.

Mental health care and treatment

In the context of national efforts to strengthen mental health, it is vital to not only protect and promote the mental well-being of all, but also to address the needs of people with mental health conditions.

This should be done through community-based mental health care, which is more accessible and acceptable than institutional care, helps prevent human rights violations and delivers better recovery outcomes for people with mental health conditions. Community-based mental health care should be provided through a network of interrelated services that comprise:

Mental health services that are integrated in general health care, typically in general hospitals and through task-sharing with non-specialist care providers in primary health care;

community mental health services that may involve community mental health centers and teams, psychosocial rehabilitation, peer support services and supported living services; and services that deliver mental health care in social services and non-health settings, such as child protection, school health services, and prisons.

The vast care gap for common mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety means countries must also find innovative ways to diversify and scale up care for these conditions, for example through non-specialist psychological counselling or digital self-help.

Key facts:

Affordable, effective and feasible strategies exist to promote, protect and restore mental health.

The need for action on mental health is indisputable and urgent.

Mental health has intrinsic and instrumental value and is integral to our well-being.

Mental health is determined by a complex interplay of individual, social and structural stresses and vulnerabilities.

Your mental health  your psychological, emotional, and social well-being  has an impact on every aspect of your life. Positive mental health essentially allows you to effectively deal with lifes everyday challenges.

LGBTIQ+ people have an increased risk of depression, anxiety, substance abuse, homelessness, self-harming and suicidal thoughts, compared with the general population. This is particularly true of young LGBTIQ+ people who are coming to terms with their sexuality and experiencing victimisation and bullying at school.

Some of the stressful experiences that can affect the mental health of an LGBTIQ+ person are:

feeling different from other people

being bullied (verbally or physically)

feeling pressure to deny or change their sexuality.

feeling worried about coming out, and then being rejected or isolated

feeling unsupported or misunderstood.

These pressures are on top of all the other stuff people have to deal with in life such as managing school, finding a job, forming relationships and making sense of your identity and place in the world.

Helping someone struggling with their sexuality and mental health

If you are worried that someone you know has a mental health problem, look out for changes in their mood, behaviour, relationships, appetite, sleep patterns, coping and thinking. If these changes last more than a couple of weeks, talk to them about getting help. A good place to start is their doctor. If you are struggling with your own sexuality: Get support if youre finding it hard to cope. Try talking to someone you trust  a friend, relative, doctor or counselor. Dont hang around someone if they are abusive to you.

Remember, there is no rush to figure out your sexuality. Take your time. And dont feel pressured to put a label on it.

SEXUALITY COUNSELING

Sexuality Counseling: Sexuality counseling is a specialized area of counseling that can be practiced by a variety of professionals. These professionals may include marriage and family therapists, school counselors, psychologists, psychiatrists, or social workers. It is an important aspect of mental health care to provide support and assistance in decision-making for individuals struggling with sexual identity issues.

The purpose of sexuality counseling is similar to any other form of therapy. Individuals seeking help from a counselor are most often struggling with identity formation, depression, anxiety, or other mental health issues. In sexuality counseling, it is common for an individual to struggle with sexual orientation and/or gender identity-related conflicts. Sexuality counseling can also be used as a preventative measure by instilling healthy sexual choices and behaviors in individuals before they reach adulthood.

What Does Sexuality Counseling Help With?

Sexual difficulty can be subjective and difficult to talk about, and for this reason, a professional sex therapist should be specifically consulted if:

You have experienced sexual difficulties in the past and wish to resolve them

If you are experiencing difficulties that currently limit your life or cause you significant distress.

You are looking for specific information about sexuality or desire. Often there are questions about physical aspects of intercourse/sex, but sometimes individuals simply want more information on what is normal.

An individual who is seeking sexuality counseling may be struggling with issues such as:

Sexual Desire

Concerns about sexual desire are common among individuals coming for sexuality counseling. Often, it is the individual who lacks feelings of sexual attraction that seeks out therapy. Other times, an individual may feel that they have experienced a drastic change in their ability to be sexually attracted to others after suffering from a sexual assault or similar trauma.

Arousal Difficulties

An individual struggling with arousal difficulties may feel that they are not sexually aroused, or only able to be sexually aroused in a single sexual orientation. It is common for individuals who have been victims of sexual assault to feel this way, as their arousal becomes associated with trauma. Individuals who do not experience any form of arousal might also seek out sexuality counseling, either due to other health concerns or simply because they want to enjoy a sex life despite their lack of arousal.

Relationship Issues

Issues with sexuality within relationships can stem from direct issues within the relationship. This can be in the form of communication problems, feelings of neglect, or even abuse. Or it could be that there is a lack of intimacy within the relationship; generally, in close relationships (i.e. not necessarily sexual ones) you can often find that individuals feel like they are struggling to meet each others expectations and therefore end up feeling distant from one another which can lead to issues with sexuality e.g. unwillingness to make love because you dont feel emotionally connected; doing so would feel like cheating on someone else (when in reality this isnt the case).

Sexuality Counseling Approaches

Sexuality counseling may help individuals or couples with physical sexual problems, mental disorders, relationship issues, gender identity disorder.

There are 3 different types of sexuality counseling approaches:

Sexuality Education Approach: provides the client with knowledge about their body parts associated with sexuality including technics to improve relationships

Behavioral Approach:  helps eliminate certain negative behaviors through techniques such as systematic desensitization or masturbatory reconditioning

Cognitive-Behavioral Approach:  focuses on irrational thoughts that influence behavior and then provide positive cognitions in place of these to achieve behavioral changes.

Goal of Sexuality Counseling

The goal of sexuality counseling is either to resolve or to improve a sexual problem. It may be part of the treatment for an individual who is experiencing depression, anxiety, poor self-esteem, relationship difficulties.

It can also help those individuals who would like to explore their sexuality and make sense of their sexual identity as well as encourage others who dont want to pursue relationships or intercourse because they are no longer interested in it.

Sexuality counseling provides people with information on safe sex practices and contraception choices to avoid sexually transmitted infections (STI). It may also provide bereavement counseling to those involved in a romantic relationship that has recently ended or that was previously unresolved. In some cases, the professional might refer the client to a specialist such as a social worker if there seem to be problems between the client and their partner.

Sexuality counseling involves the awareness of ones own values, thoughts, feelings, beliefs, attitudes about sex and sexuality which are personal to each individual. It also includes awareness of interpersonal relationships in general while considering sexual issues.

Some Issues Addressed via Sexuality Counseling

These are some of the issues that sexuality counseling tries to address with individuals or couples when these are causing problems in their sexual lives.

 Some of these are:

Sexual Desire: this has been defined as a state when people experience sexual pleasure, with or without orgasm.

Inhibited Sexual Desire: this is a difficulty in feeling passion for making love and thus in engaging in sex. It affects both men and women. In men, they may have problems reaching orgasm or ejaculating while women may lack vaginal lubrication which is necessary for pleasurable intercourse.

Male Erectile Disorder: erectile dysfunction (ED) results from physical or psychological issues that cause impotence or erectile dysfunction (ED). This disorder can include the inability to get an erection during sexual activity even though the individual has a desire to do so.

Benefits of Sexuality Counseling

There are some benefits of sexuality counseling.

Helps To Resolve Problems

One of the most important benefits of sexuality counseling is that it helps to resolve problems. This is one reason why professionals are used, because they may be able to provide more insight into how to go about resolving these issues. They can offer advice on what the person should do in order to better help them deal with their problem and can sometimes point out solutions they may not have thought about before.

Increases Confidence

Sexuality counseling also helps people gain more confidence. It may be difficult for some people who feel they are unable to form relationships or follow through sexually, but this type of counseling gives them the chance to discuss their issues with someone who understands and does not judge them. There are no judgments passed when they get a good relationship and the person is able to get good feedback on how they can improve and what they should do in order to be successful.

Increases Self-Esteem

Another thing that may happen when a person goes through sexuality counseling is that their self-esteem may increase. They will feel better about themselves. It is because they are able to discuss their problems and at the end of it there is no judgment. They will also offer encouragement and advice on how people can overcome these things, giving them more confidence in themselves as well. The counselors try to make sure the individual leaves feeling positive about themselves and their abilities to deal with other areas in life outside of sex too.

Helps To Gain More Knowledge

This is true especially if both of the partners are new to the counseling. They may have some general knowledge about sex but experiencing it is an altogether different thing. Through sexuality counseling, they can learn more about each others needs and desires while still having fun exploring these things.

Helps To Enhance Your Sex Life

If you want to enhance your intimacy and your sexual relationship, then sexuality counseling is the type of therapy that can help. Intimacy involves many different elements including communication, touch, physical closeness and overall comfort with another person.

Helps You Resolve Issues

Sexuality counseling can be helpful in resolving problems or issues that may be getting in the way of intimacy or sexual relations. The specific issue could be conflict over who makes love more often; it could involve concerns about moving forward sexually after an affair; it could also deal with past trauma around sex; whatever the problem may be, counselors can help people resolve these types of difficulties.

Side-Effects of Sexuality Counseling

These are some side effects of sexuality counseling. Some of these are:

There are many different ways that sexuality counseling can go wrong.  Counselors might promote sex-negative attitudes and behaviors that interfere with healthy sexual development.  They might try to impose gender stereotypes onto their clients and frame non-traditional gender identities as mental illness.  They might pathologize ordinary sexual variations, treating them as signs of psychological disturbance rather than diversity.

Counselors also have a propensity for imposing their own religious or political beliefs on clients: Many therapists who conduct conversion therapy are Christian counselors who believe homosexuality is a sin and bisexuality doesnt exist.

There is an unfortunate lack of consensus regarding what does and does not constitute ethical sexuality counseling . Ive identified three strands of tension that play out in different scenarios:

This tension can play out in different ways, depending on how much the counselor knows about specific aspects of sexuality. For instance, if a counselor has no knowledge whatsoever of sexual anatomy or sex-related illnesses, they might try to convince their clients that non-reproductive sexual activities are unhealthy even though there is ample evidence that many forms of sex play are physically safe.

This tension arises when counselors hold specific beliefs about sexuality that conflict with the ethical codes governing sexuality counseling . Some psychologists promote erroneous ideas like autogynephilia and arousal nonconcordance, while others refuse to acknowledge identities like transsexuality and bisexuality . This tension also surfaces when counselors make assumptions about their clients identities or preferences without first them for input.

MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING: 

Mental health counseling is helpful for mental health disorders and distress. Learn how it works and the benefits of clinical mental health counseling.

Mental health counseling, or psychotherapy, is something many people wonder about. It's a concept that, until one begins, seems hard to fully grasp. It's not uncommon for people to associate counseling with the proverbial couch, with the client lying on this piece of furniture and spilling their guts while a counselor, who may or may not look like Sigmund Freud, furiously takes detailed notes on a pad of paper. This process is called psychoanalysis and is rarely practiced in the twenty-first century (but mental health counselors typically do take some notes to increase understanding). If this picture is outdated, how does clinical mental health counseling really work?

How Mental Health Counseling Works

Mental health counseling is a formal, purposeful partnership between a client and a mental health professional. It's sometimes referred to as clinical mental health counseling; not because it's cold and dispassionate but because it is based on sound research and uses techniques proven to be effective.

Counseling is a process of varying lengths during which a mental health counselor and a client work together to explore problems and develop the skills and mindset needed to transcend challenges and live a life of emotional health. The length of the counseling process varies depending on the individual and the mental health disorder or distress. It can continue anywhere from a few weekly sessions to months or, sometimes, years of occasional sessions.

People seek counseling for many different things. Counseling is for mental illness as well as for specific life stresses, such as a toxic workplace with a bullying boss. Counseling happens individually, in one-on-one sessions with a counselor. Additionally, people can engage in couples therapy, family therapy, or group therapy.

Clinical Mental Health Counseling Approaches

Mental health counselors choose from a plethora of approaches when helping someone. The particular approach used depends on both the counselor's professional preference as well as the nature and characteristics of an individual client.

Each approach has a particular focus. Mental health counseling methods can emphasize a person's background, emotions, thoughts, behaviors, or a combination of these elements. Within each category are specific theoretical techniques. Below is a list of the most common approaches, or theories. The list is meant as a starting point for exploration. If there are some methods that resonate with you, you can inquire about the theoretical approach when you are searching for a counselor.

Theories that emphasize background are:

* psychoanalysis (Freud and the couch)

* Jungian analytical psychology

* individual (or Adlerian) psychology

Emotion-based theories include:

* person-centered (Rogerian) psychology

* existential psychology

* gestalt therapy

Among theories that focus on thoughts are:

* cognitive therapy

* rational-emotive behavioral therapy (REBT)

Approaches emphasizing behaviors involve:

* cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

* dialectical-behavior therapy (DBT)

* acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

* solution-focused brief therapy

A growing counseling approach that falls into the categories of thoughts, feelings, and behavior as well as stands strongly on its own is positive psychology.

Most counselors don't practice one single approach but instead weave together principles of many to best fit individual clients. Approaches most likely to be used on their own include CBT, DBT, ACT, and solution-focused brief therapy.

Benefits of Mental Health Counseling

Counseling indeed helps many people; approximately 80 percent of people in counseling reap benefits (Seligman, 2006). When people engage in mental health counseling, they often gain:

personal empowerment

hope

the overcoming of demoralization caused by social stigma

acceptance of life

personal insight

life skills

wellness

prevention of future mental health distress

Mental health counseling improves and even saves lives. Seeking counseling is a sign of courage and strength because it's an important step in taking charge of mental health and creating the life that you deserve, a life worth living.

Summary

Sexuality is diverse, and there are many different types. It can take time to figure out the sexuality that fits you best. And your sexuality can change over time. 

Coming to terms with your sexuality can be a very liberating, exciting and positive experience.

Sexuality is an important part of who you are. There is no right or wrong, its about whats right for you. 

Some people have a hard time accepting others who are different to themselves. If someone gives you a hard time about your sexuality, its good to talk to someone about it. You dont need to deal with it by yourself.  

Conclusion

In conclusion, sexuality counseling is something that has proven to be effective in treating many problems. This is especially those having to do with relationships, but there are some side effects. It may not cause all of these effects but it can cause at least one or two for certain people. If you want to take sexuality counseling then it would be best to speak with a doctor about your options. 

REFERENCE:

Peterson, T. (2017, October 23). Mental Health Counseling: How it Works, Benefits, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2023, July 8 from https://www.healthyplace.com/other-info/mental-illness-overview/mental-health-counseling-how-it-works-benefits

King, Bruce M. (2009). Human sexuality Today (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Vango Books. ISBN 978-0128645116

Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality. American psychological Association. (www.apa.org)